Nursing Terminology System Vs. The International...

Nursing Terminology System Comparison Nursing terminology could be described as the formal and informal communication that occurs in a nurses daily activity. According to McGonigle Mastrian (2009) nursing terminology allows nurses to communicate nursing data, information and knowledge specific to nursing. In addition, standardized nursing terminology refers to a system. This means they have undergone approval by a specific authority. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is one authority with a standardized nursing practice and information infrastructure committee, which recognizes twelve standardized terminologies, both nursing specific and interdisciplinary (p. 98). The Clinical Care Classification system and the International†¦show more content†¦The CCC system’s major developer is Dr. Virginia K. Saba. Dr. Saba has pioneered the integration of computer technology and nursing. The ICNP was developed by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) to cover diagnoses, nursing actions and nursing outcomes a s it relates to nursing phenomenon (p. 99). The CCC website (2012) describes this system of nursing terminology as a â€Å"unique coding structure for assessing, documenting, and classifying patient care by nurses and other clinical professionals in any health care setting† (www.sabacare.com). The CCC system serves nursing as well as other health care providers such as physical, occupational and speech therapists and medical social workers. The ICN website (2015) reports ICNP was created to improve worldwide healthcare as an integral part of the global information infrastructure to influence health care practice and policy. This database is intended for use by nurses, who can describe and report in detail, nursing assessments and interventions, as opposed to being a system for other clinical healthcare professionals. The ICNP is reported reliable to support care and effective decision making and useful for nursing education, research and health policy (www.icn.ch/what-we-do/about-icnpr/). The CCC website (2012) states there are a total of 176 nursing diagnoses and 804 concepts and core interventions to make up the nursing interventions and actions. There are a total of 21 care components representing functional,

Why Effective Communication Is Important Developing...

Unit 3. Assessment Criteria 3.1.1. Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Effective communication is important when developing positive relationships with anyone, as it builds trust and establishes rapport between the people who are communicating with one another. Respect is an important element in effective communication, and the development of a relationship. Actively listening to another person’s point of view or opinion, remembering personal details, showing an interest and responding in an appropriate manner, all show that you have listened and placed importance upon what has been said, which leads to positive relationships and respectful, effective communication. Effective communication, and respectful relationships are vital when talking with children, young people, and adults as they both allow accurate gathering of information and feelings and the subsequent passing along of any issues that may need to be followed up on. Both effective communication and positive relationships require effort, consideration and respect from all parties involved in order to continue to be effective and productive. Assessment Criteria 3.1.2. Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young people and adults. Respect of and understanding that other people have differing opinions, views and religious/cultural beliefs, and how these beliefs may impact on building an effective,Show MoreRelatedWhy Effective Communication Is Important? Developing Positive Relationships With Children, Young People And Adults4032 Words   |  17 PagesExplain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Communication is extremely important in the workplace as it is essential that you develop good communications with everyone. This will then ensure that you develop a strong positive relationship, work well together and be able to share and gain information with each other. This will mean you can all work together to meet the needs of the children, young people and adults inRead MoreTda3.11.1 Explain Why Effective Communication Is Important in Developing Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults643 Words   |  3 Pagesprinciples of developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults 1. Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults For most of us in our daily lives, there are many relationships in force, often simultaneously, as this is a natural consequence of human interaction. In a school environment, relationships are formed at many different levels - between children and their peers, between children and adultsRead More1.1, Explain Why Effective Communication Is Important in Developing Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults1586 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstand the principals of developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. 1.1, Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Effective communication is the most important part in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Some pupils that struggle with their learning and/or have confidence issues may find thatRead More1.1 Describe why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults.3026 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Communication is both dynamic and complex. In time it can be learnt, understood and eventually mastered. Why then do we expect children to be able to communicate with us correctly all of the time? Working with children requires us to build positive relationships with them quickly, but also in ways that are professional. The quality of the relationships that we have with children and young people has a huge effect on the way in which we can work with them. Positive relationships withRead MoreExplain Why Communications Is Important in Developing Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults765 Words   |  4 PagesExplain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults Communicating effectively within the school setting is very important to enable strong relationship to build between colleagues, children and parents. COLLEAGUES: Communicating positively with colleagues is an important part in helping build a strong and trusting relationship with each other. Communicating in the right way will show colleagues that you are able to talkRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Children1236 Words   |  5 PagesWe, as adults, have a responsibility to teach and protect children. Teaching is one of the most crucial jobs an individual can have. Not only does teaching give students material to succeed scholastically, it helps apply knowledge and skills necessary for success in life. I want to teach so I can better equip children for adult life, while allowing them to be individuals and form their own personalities. At the core of my philosophy, there are four essential themes to teaching children: EmotionalRead MoreHow Social Background Affects Relationships And The Way People Communicate1519 Words   |  7 Pagesxplain how: Social background Professional background Cultural background Affect relationships and the way people communicate. Social- Some children grow up in socially disadvantaged areas, poor housing conditions, low income households and single parent families, this in turn may affect a child’s learning development and restrict communication, and how you approach a family whose child may be affected due to their social background circumstances should be aware of the manner in which you approachRead MoreChildren’s Speech, Language, and Communication1750 Words   |  7 Pages language and communication Explanation of speech, language, communication and speech, language and communication needs 1.1 Children and adults use speech, language and communication to interact with others, to help them explore the environment, to make sense of everyday experiences, access information and understand concepts, as well as organise thoughts and formulate ideas and to help them express their own feelings and to understand the feelings of others (Children and Young People’s WorkforceRead MoreCommunication and Professional Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults1687 Words   |  7 PagesUNIT TDA 3.1 – COMMUNICATION AND PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS 1.1. Effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children and young adults because it helps the child to be able to communicate effectively with other people as they grow. Children react better to clear, concise communication and this in turn will help to build better relationships between child and adult and enable trust to grow, which is one of the key elementsRead MoreEffective Communication1225 Words   |  5 PagesEffective communication with children, young people and families Good communication is central to working with children, young people, families and carers. It helps build trust, and encourages them to seek advice and use services. It is key to establishing and maintaining relationships, and is an active process that involves listening, questioning, understanding and responding. You should always communicate with them appropriately to match the stage of development, personal circumstances, and needs

Perry Smith A Passion to Kill - 1354 Words

Serial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentary, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murders of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And although his carnage of the Clutters labeled him a mass murderer, many of Perry’s personality traits are characteristic of a serial killer. In fact, if detectives had not caught him, Perry could have easily become a serial killer. Because the term†¦show more content†¦Many serial killers suffer from a mental illness or incapacity of some type, and more specifically, many serial killers suffer from Psychopathic Personality Disorder, or PPD, a mental disorder that causes the ina bility to empathize with others (Forensic Science 563). It is believed that infamous serial killer, Ted Bundy, suffered from Psychopathic Personality Disorder because he â€Å"†¦looked upon others as objects, not people to be loved or hated, just objects† (American Decades). People with PPD are very highly manipulative and intelligent, exceptional liars, and feel as if they are superior to everyone else and therefore disregard rules and laws. However, they do not have the capacity to feel emotional remorse even when they know their actions were wrong (Forensic Science 563), just as Perry knows he should not have killed the Clutters, but he does not feel sorry for doing it (Capote 358). Basically, a psychopath’s â€Å"main aim [in life] is self-gratification,† no matter the cost (Forensic Science 563). Serial killers suffering from Psychopathic Personality Disorder usually do not start their lives of crime with murder; they often start with small acts, such as systematic lying, animal cruelty or vandalism, as children (Forensic Science 563). Jeffrey Dahmer, a serial killer thought to have killed hundreds, collected and dissolved road kill in acid as a childShow MoreRelatedCold Blood By Truman Capote, A Cold Blooded Killer1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthrive, a child requires support from a guardian to prosper in every aspect. A secure support system t in a child’s life creates healthy relationships as well as providing the child with a positive perspective and mindset. However in the lives of Perry Smith, a cold blooded killer in the novel In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, child soldiers, and the children of the street, support from the family is seldom displayed. The absence of support leads these persons to lives filled with hostility and violence;Read MoreTruman Capote : Hard Times Make Good Stories1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmany short stories (Biography.com Editors.) My writings tend to have very dark psychological themes in my b ooks (DIScovering authors.) My writings were influenced by my dark childhood. I felt neglected. I felt connected to the people like Dick and Perry in a weird way. I could relate to how they felt even though I handled it differently. While some of my books like Breakfast at Tiffany s have some humor and happiness in them (Breakfast at Tiffany s.) I am one of the first writers to use what isRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesis by far the most major cause of project failure. 18. [pic] Louis Caramucci, MM, PMP Managing Partner, Founder at Pyramis LLC Lack of buyin from various areas of the company, to include sponsors and project teams can kill any project. I would say the biggest reason why website development projects fail, large or small, is content (database format - copy - imagery) not being thought through, understood, structured and/or provided by the customer at the rightRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesOrganizational Interviews 629 SKILL PRACTICE 634 Exercises for Conducting Special-Purpose Interviews 634 Evaluating the New Employee-Orientation Program 634 Performance-Appraisal Interview with Chris Jakobsen 637 Employment-Selection Interview at Smith Farley Insurance 643 Supplement C CONDUCTING MEETINGS 651 SKILL LEARNING 652 Conducting Effective Meetings: A Short Guide for Meeting Managers and Meeting Participants The Five P s of Effective Meetings 652 Suggestions for Group MembersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAlabama, Huntsville Heather Shields, Texas Tech University Ted Shore, California State University at Long Beach Stuart Sidle, University of New Haven Bret Simmons, University of Nevada Reno Randy Sleeth, Virginia Commonwealth University William Smith, Emporia State University Kenneth Solano, Northeastern University Shane Spiller, Morehead State University Lynda St. Clair, Bryant University John B. Stark, California State University, Bakersfield Merwyn Strate, Purdue University Joo-Seng Tan, CornellRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesManaging Complex Products and Systems?† Research Policy, vol. 29, no. 17 2000. Jassawalla, A. R., and H. C. Sashittal, â€Å"Cultures that Support Product-Innovation Processes,† Academy of Management Executive, 15 (3) 2002, pp. 42–54. Johnson, C. L., M. Smith, and L. K. Geary, More Than My Share in All (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Publications, 1990). Kerzner, H., In Search of Excellence in Project Management (New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1997). Kerzner, H., â €Å"Strategic Planning for the ProjectRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesor 5 fewer. Does the income eï ¬â‚¬ect of the fall in the price of bananas make Charlie consume more apples or fewer? More. What is the total eï ¬â‚¬ect of the change in the price of bananas on the demand for apples? Zero. 8.2 (0) Neville’s passion is ï ¬ ne wine. When the prices of all other goods are ï ¬ xed at current levels, Neville’s demand function for highquality claret is q = .02m − 2p, where m is his income, p is the price of claret (in British pounds), and q is the number of bottles of claretRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 606 606 MINISTRY OF SOUND with no links to the local drugs gangs. 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Benefits of Digital Technology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the how law firms could successfully utilise Digital Technology in their Workplace to provide Benefits to their Employees and Clients. Answer: With the advent of technology, while digital tools have become an integral aspect of the life of every individual, digital innovation has also invaded the large law firms as well as different in-house legal departments. With increased online presence of lawyers as well as clients, it has become easier for the lawyers to create technology-based solutions that not only helps in driving down the client costs, but also helps in enhancing the effectiveness of legal services. Some of the law firms have been executing all its functions with the help of technology and employs the effective use of technology in a wide variety of practice areas such as litigation, intellectual property and transactional works (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). Nowadays, a person seeking legal help does not literally require to go out in search of an efficient lawyer, as he can gain access to effective legal help from reputed law firms, via his tablets and smart phones. While it has become easy for clients to get profess ional legal help as and when required, it has become even easier for the lawyers to offer comprehensive solution to legal problems via online platforms. However, despite the multiple benefits, it is nevertheless a bad news that as per research reports, half of the total employment opportunities available all over the world, is predicted to get destroyed because of the invasion of technology. With the rise of digital technology in professional domains, the chance of unemployment has also increased at a steady rate. Yet nevertheless, the benefits of the digital technology can never be undermined. In this connection, it is important to state how present research reports suggest that 88% of the companies have already provided digital tools to its employees while 90% of the organizations have exhibited their willingness to invest in technology that can ensure smooth and cost-effective operation of the business activities (Rabinovich and Katsh 2014). In order to review digital information sources, for reliability and credibility, the law firms should have strict Human Resource policies whereby a selected personnel should be entrusted with the duty of preserving digital records. It is also important to institutionalize these digital contents so as to ensure complete periodic updates of each digital content review results. Since digital information is a continually evolving field, it is important to review the latest trends by researching about the latest innovation in cloud computing, conducting survey on the rival companies to know which latest technology they are using for data management (Barrett et al. 2015). Reference List: Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Rabinovich-Einy, O. and Katsh, E., 2014. Digital Justice: Reshaping Boundaries in an Online Dispute Resolution Environment.IJODR,1, p.5. Hansen, H.K. and Flyverbom, M., 2015. The politics of transparency and the calibration of knowledge in the digital age.Organization,22(6), pp.872-889. Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J. and Vargo, S.L., 2015. Service innovation in the digital age: key contributions and future directions.MIS quarterly,39(1), pp.135-154.

A Report Critical evaluation of luxury brand stores

Question: Explain Critical evaluation of luxury brand stores? Compare and contrast the stores (DOS or Flagship) of Louis Vuitton Gucci. You should analyse and compare the consistency of marketing message, which the stores provide in relation to their other brand touch points. Include an analysis of the respective brands heritage and DNA and how these are communicated via the retail store. Answer: 1. Introduction: Gucci is one of the worlds prominent luxury Brands in the Fashion world. The Company was founded in the year 1921, which became renowned for its high quality Italian craftsmanship, high quality of fashion goods and innovative designs. The company manufactures and distributes, high end fashion goods including, handbags, luggage bags, fine jewellery, time pieces, shoes, fragrances, ready to wear silks and eye wear products. The Gucci products are mostly available exclusively at directly operated boutiques and with a handful of authorized department and specialty stores (Lloyd et al., 2006). Louis Vuitton is a French fashion house and the worlds largest and valuable brand of luxury goods. The company is in to manufacturing of leather goods, watches, jewellery, shoes, trunks, handbags and other accessories that are adorned with the LV monogram. This international fashion house sells its products via standalone outlets, high end departmental stores, and through online retailing of its products through its company website. Many of the products manufactured by this company have the signature brown Damier and monogram Canvas Material used that adds iconic value to its products. The Company has its presence in over fifty countries, with more than 460 exclusive boutiques operated worldwide (Edberg, 2010). 2. Brand Overview: A Brand is a graphical identity of image of a company that represents the company and helps build emotional connectivity with the Target Audiences and customers of the company. It is a symbol of collection of experiences, associations and trust of the stakeholders with a company. The Brand image of a company can be further strengthened through visual representation and efficient brand communication by the company (Atwal Williams, 2009). (a) Brand Positioning and Perceptual Mapping:The Brand Positioning for both the brands Gucci as well as Louis Vuitton has always been close to differentiation by positioning the brands as sophisticated, innovative high quality and elite brands. The strategic orientation of this positioning for both these brands is based on utmost adherence to the desired quality and performance of the products offered by the brands (Flueckiger, 2009). The Symbolic expressive value of these brands further ads up to the high class positioning of these brands in the international markets. The concept of perpetual mapping revolves around the display of the location of these brands or products using more than two dimensions. The act of perpetual mapping through development of ad campaigns and web promotions thus pulls customers towards these brands and increases the overall brand appeal for the product and offerings by these brands (Vi Nguyen, 2004). (b) Brand Heritage and DNA:Brand Heritage has an indispensable connection with the history and DNA of organizations, that posse these brands. The Brand heritage is one of the prominent strengths of several responsible and ethical organizations, which work as a link to strengthen the emotional connection between the company and its target Audience (Fabrikant, 2002). The Brand Louis Vuitton is accordingly a French brand, who DNA may be traces down to the country France in the European region. The Several Art forms used by this brand in its designs are observed to have a deeper connection with the French culture. The Brand heritage of Gucci may be accordingly traced down to the Italian culture and its contemporary traditional designs (McKnight, 1987). (c) Brand Identity:The Brand identity is a way in which an organization wants its target Audience to perceive its brand name, logo, communication style and other visual elements associated with the brand (Tungate, 2009). The luxury brands Gucci and Louis Vuitton have indeed developed and extended their respective brand identities through iconic yet innovative luxury products that have attracted huge reputation and popularity to these brands. The inscribed G monogram for the Italian brand Gucci, is explicit representation of luxury and glamour that is recognized globally (Appendix 1.2). The Brand Louis Vuitton also inscribes the letters LV on few of its signature products that displays a potent symbol of modern luxury (Appendix 1.1). The exclusive boutiques by Gucci as well as Louis Vuitton, and the established distribution networks limited only to high end stores, further enhances the Brand identity of these luxury brands (Luxury Daily, 2013). 3. Brand Communication and Message/ Brand Touch points: Directly owned Stores or Flagship stores for Gucci are about 280 stores across the globe, mostly in the developed and developing markets in the world. These stores are directly operated by the company and houses exclusive Gucci products and offerings. Gucci was awarded the 38th most valuable brand in the world by Forbes in the year 2013. The company enjoys high brand equity throughout the world and has helped the society in with standing several economic down turns (Kalfopoulos, 2012). The Brand Message of the company Gucci has always been closely associated with sex appeal (Secara, 2012). Attracting the target Audience through its vibrant and controversial visuals as a Brand Messages has always been a part of the Communications and advertising promotions of the Brand Gucci. The company has experimented using floral patterns in its mens spring collection of the year 2014, which was a grand success (Cognizant 20-20 Insights, 2012). The Company had participated in several fashion shows to reach out to its target customers and convey its brand message (Refer to Appendix 2.2). Exclusivity is the prominent message that this brand has conveyed from time to time in all of its advertising campaigns. Many of the advertising campaigns, especially the print ads reflect a sexy and vibrant image of female characters. The same is also displayed undoubtedly thorough participation in the numerous fashion shows across the European region. Gucci has also attracted a lot of attention from the elite target audience through several controversial advertisings and promotion. The Promotion of the perfume Opium by using the naked image of celebrity Sophie Dahl, was one of the most controversial promotions of this brand. Gucci even had an extreme print advertisement in Vogue that created controversy due to the inscribed G in the public hair of a womans image (Luxury Daily, 2013). These actions and brand touch points helped gain better media coverage for the company that boosted brand aw areness of Gucci.The Brand Louis Vuitton has more than 500 stores around the world and is one of the largest luxury brands in terms of total Revenues and sales attracted by its parent company. The company however, is working on a strategy to limit its new store openings, and in turn focus on preserving its exclusive image (Palmitessa, 2012). The company had successfully managed to present its print campaigns to the Audience through a new mobile application (Refer to Appendix 3.1). The Brand Louis Vuitton maintains its effluent brand touch points by neither having any discount nor any duty free stores across the globe (Jones, 2014). The company in addition to its flag ship stores sells its exclusive products through its online shopping platform, Louisvuitton.com that can be accessed from any part of the world (Cognizant 20-20 Insights, 2012). Its newest mobile application Amble, allows all the users of this application to follow their favorite celebrities favorite city experiences an d has several features of creating ones own videos and notes with those celebrities (Clow et al., 2010). The Brand Louis Vuitton has always preferred celebrity advertisement and endorsement of its newly arrived products thorough celebrities (Refer to Appendix 2.1). Thus, the logo of this brand, the visual identity of the style displayed by its products and the exclusive monogram canvas of LV on its products all protects and strengthens Louis Vuittons Brand Identity and sails it effectively conveying a Heritage Brand Message. 4. Critical Comparison of Gucci and Louis Vuitton Companies: Gucci has built a very strong image in the Fashion market, like its competitor Brand Louis Vuitton. The Brand Gucci has always tried to market its brand in innovative ways. The Advertisements of this company, like a girl performing martial arts, gives a clear message of the comfort level of the fabric that this brand offers. The Brand Louis Vuitton on the other hand, prefers to highlight eminent personalities and celebrities while advertising and endorsements. The use of Artistic symbols in the product designs of the Brand Louis Vuitton are widely spotted as compared to the traditional designs of the Brand Gucci. The Brand Gucci has shown a higher degree of corporate social responsibility over the Brand Louis Vuitton for its partnership with the UNICEF since the year 2005. The Brand Gucci makes a generous donation every year to UNICEF, by offering a fixed percentage of revenues generated by the directly owned flagship stores of the company (Bengtsen, 2007). The products and offerings by the brand Louis Vuitton are more influence with artistic patterns and graffiti. The company has always strived to collaborate with several renowned artists to reflect various art forms on their products designs and offerings. Takashi Murakami, the artist who created the much copied cherry blossom print for the Brand, is an example of how the Brand is highly reflects the innovative art forms by renowned artist across the world, from time to time basis. 5. Recommendations: 1. Remaining Consistent and Authentic in terms of the range of products and offerings to the elite target segment is the primary recommendation for the Brands Louis Vuitton and Gucci. 2. These Brands may look at constantly updating and modifying the designs of their luxury offerings to suit the tastes and preferences of the modern consumer at a global level. The Luxury brands have to more often server as the cultural references points towards the innovations and changes in the global lifestyle habits of the respective target consumers (Okonkwo, 2009). 3. The Brands can also think of innovative communication channels for connecting well with their Target consumer and keeping these high-end target audiences, loyal to their respective brands. Maintaining an updated global customer database and sending them cards and goodies on special occasions like Anniversaries and Birthdays would strengthening the customer relationship with these brands. 4. These Luxury brands Gucci may follow Louis Vuittons innovative offering idea of providing customized offerings to its customers. Many of the products offered by Louis Vuitton are made to order, beaming in exotic skins that create invitation spaces in their exclusive brand stores (Palmitessa, 2012). 5. Maintaining enhanced personal relationships with the customers through Social media networks is a technology enabled strategy that has become the need of the hour for all the premium brands (Kim Ko, 2010). Also a lot of demographic information of the prominent customers using these luxury brands may be extracted through social media. This information may be further used to track the tastes and preferences of the luxury goods users, to provide vital inputs for research and developmental activities in terms of manufacturing innovative product offerings. 6. Conclusion The both the luxury brands Gucci and Louis Vuitton have adopted a brand strategy of addressing the niche elite segment in different manners. The various aspects of Brand communication and messages delivered to the target audience though differing to a high extent, both these brands have been successful in managing the cut throat competition in the luxury products segment across the international markets. It is now imperative for both these brands to extend its retail horizon beyond the brick and mortar stores to virtual stores maintaining the desired brand heritage and brand exclusivity and creativity of these luxury brands. References Atwal, G., Williams, A., 2009, Luxury Brand Marketing -The Experience Is Everything, Brand Management, Vol. 16, 338-346. Bengtsen Peter, 2007, Branding of Brand Hacking, MA dissertation, Department of Arts and cultural sciences, Lund University. Camps Samuel and Jones Mayuko, 2014, The Art of Luxury Branding, ADMAP. Clow Kenneth and Baack Donald, 2010, Integrated Advertising, promotion, and marketing communications, fourth Edition, London: Prentice Hall. Fabrikant Geraldine, 2002, The media business: Advertising, Guccis current Campaign: recovering its elite image, the New York Times.

Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder

Abstract The debate surrounding the justification of deaths of innocent people caused by warring soldiers during war is a complicated issue to deal with. For fear of being attacked by disguised enemies, soldiers have ended up killing innocent civilians including older men, women, and children. While some people have argued that this may be acceptable, others think otherwise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To a large extent, this is linked to the belief that human beings are mostly reasonable. Generally, killing of civilians during war time is regarded as a serious offence that should be dealt with carefully if the innocent have to receive protection. On the other hand, however, it is possible for warring soldiers to find themselves in difficult situations requiring them to act fast to protect themselves from attackers unknown to them. This is especially true whenever a soldier is fighting on the enemy’s soil. While it is ordinarily believed that most civilians especially women and children are the innocent ones, there are instances where they have been used by soldiers to ferry dangerous weapons to be used against the opponents. This has led to situations where a soldier ignores the fact a civilian may be innocent and goes ahead to kill in self defense. This is based on the fact that it may be difficult to determine the innocence of the civilian. To be on the safe side, soldiers generally regard every person as a potential threat. Introduction The appeal to what would cause outrage in the general sentiments of humanity is a common way to think about the elements of normal moral perception of which each person is thought to be capable. Certain things are thought to be so heinous that any person would be outraged when perceiving them. The killing of civilians during war time is one of the commonly cite d examples of this kind of monstrous act (May, 2005). But consider, for a moment, the conditions of war fare when one is acting in enemy territory. In some war time situations, every person, soldier or civilian, is a potential threat. If the civilians seem to be unarmed, and the soldiers are armed, then the idea of the civilians as potential threats is only partially blunted, because the soldiers often do not know which civilians are members of the enemy forces.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments for and Against Killing the Innocent in War It is clearly an outrage against the sentiments of humanity for soldiers to kill civilian men, women, and children? Initially, it seems that the answer would be clearly yes, as was held by the American military tribunal that convicted Lieutenant Calley. The shooting of seemingly unarmed civilians, especially children, at point blank range, appea red to be morally outrageous. Virtually, all societies have had strong moral prohibitions against the taking of innocent life (McMahan, 2009). The standard morally acceptable bases for justified killings, whether in self defense or in defense of others, can not be seen to justify killing those who do not have the capacity to harm or kill a well armed, typically male, adult soldier. Ordinarily, soldiers are trained to kill. When soldiers follow their training, and kill, it is not as much of an outrage as it would be for a non soldier to engage in such killing. But when a soldier or non soldier kills an innocent person, especially a child, this is considered to be enough of an outrage to our civilized instincts to think that it should be heavily sanctioned so as to prevent future acts of this sort at almost any cost (Buhk, 2012). In My Lai massacre, it is uncontested that Lieutenant Calley and his men killed more than 100 unarmed civilian men, women, and children. However, as one read s through the various court opinions in the case, there is quite a lot of disagreement of how best to characterize these killings. As pointed out earlier, the military tribunal found Calley guilty of war crimes, and the Court of Military Review upheld the conviction. But the first civilian court to consider the case took a very different position. Here is how the U.S. District Court characterized some of the facts: The petitioner was 25 years of age and had been an enlisted man for approximately 14 years. The petitioner’s first assignment in Vietnam was at Doc Pho. This was the first indoctrination about the character of the potential enemy. He was told that women were as dangerous as men, and that children were even more dangerous because they were unsuspected. He was also informed that women were frequently better shots than the men and that the children were used to plant mines and booby traps. During Calley’s earlier limited missions, the unit was continually subje ct to fire from unknown and unseen individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Killing the Innocence in War, Justified or Murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number of men in the company had been killed or wounded and prior to the operation at My Lai, they had never seen the persons responsible for the death or injuries of their buddies. Consequently, the formed the opinion that civilians were in part responsible. When Calley was supposedly to go to My Lai and kill everyone there, his background assumption seems to have been that all the people in the village, including men, women, and children, were enemies and potential threats. The U.S. District Court, therefore, granted Calley’s petition for habeas corpus relief in part because of how it understood the facts. On the other hand, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the U.S. District, also at least in part because of its very different construal of the factual record. In reversing the U.S. District Court, the Circuit Court of Appeals seemed to see the My Lai incident as nothing other than a slaughter of unarmed, unresisting old men, women, and children. What complicated the picture in My Lai was that the distinction between civilian and combatant had become blurred, with even fairly small children being used to transport weapons. So while there may be strong sentiments against the killing of civilians, especially children, there was a possible defense in the case of My Lai that might have been an exception to the moral judgment about what was normally acceptable or appropriate behavior. For there was reason, according to the US District Court, to believe that some civilians, and even some children, could be trying to inflict injury or death on the American soldiers in this Vietnamese hamlet.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At Calley’s military trial, and also in the US Circuit Court of Appeals, such reasons were indeed considered and rejected, after much discussion and debate. However, the US District Court seemed to believe that some of the civilians who were killed might have been thought to be threats to the soldiers in Lieutenant Calley’s unit. In retrospect, it seems that the District Court opinion was seriously flawed. For even if Calley had feared that the civilians in the My Lai hamlet might be enemy soldiers in disguise, they gave no indication that they were armed or that they were posing an immediate threat to Calley and his men. According to McMahan (2009), the moralized notion of a combatant as anyone who poses a threat in war is different from the legal notion. In law, combatant status is accorded to persons who satisfy certain criteria, such as disguising themselves visibly at a distance by some conventional sign, carrying their arms openly, subordinating themselves to a h ierarchy of authority and command, and obeying the laws of war. Failure to satisfy such criteria can result in the forfeiture of combatant status under the law. While combatants in this legal sense are all presumed to pose a threat, not all of those who pose a threat in war are combatants in this sense. While all those who pose a threat in war are combatants in the moral sense, a major problem in war theory is that there are many people who pose a threat in war who would not be considered combatants by anyone (McMahan, 2009). In partial defense of the District Court, I would point out that we do not always require soldiers to prove that enemy soldiers pose an immediate threat before it is considered justifiable to kill them. It may be too late by the time it discovered that suspected enemy soldiers are concealing not only their identities but also their weapons. The point here is not to argue that Calley should have been relieved of responsibility, but only to indicate that even in this seemingly clear case, two courts came to different conclusions about how to regard the My Lai massacre based on how they reconstructed the threat faced by Calley and his men in Vietnam. This discussion does not call into question the normal sentiment that innocent life should be preserved. Rather, what is uncertain is the very judgment that a certain adult or even a child is to be seen as an innocent person. And yet it is this judgment, really a matter of moral perception, which is crucial to the determination of whether it was indeed an outrage for Lieutenant Calley’s unit to kill civilians in the hamlet of My Lai in Vietnam. Defenses against Killing In the US tort law, one way to make sense of whether one is liable for a given harm that he or she did not intend to cause is to ask whether one violated a duty of care owed to the person armed (May, 2005). To ascertain if one had such a duty, one looks, among other things, at what the burden would have been to the agent if he or she had conformed to the duty. If the crucial issue before us concerns the possible culpable ignorance or moral negligence of soldiers, then the tort analysis of duty and negligence becomes relevant. What makes many battlefield situations so tragic is that the cost of acting with due care toward civilians is often that the soldiers risk death to themselves. In non battlefield situations, one is hardly ever faced with imminent death if he or she exercises due care towards others in his or her life. It is for this reason that the superior orders defense shows up most commonly in the battlefield situations, and not very often off the battlefield. It may be helpful to think of conspiracy as a model of most types of shared or collective responsibility. If Susan, Smith, and Alex recruit Peter to drive a gateway car in a bank robbery scheme cooked up by Susan, then it makes sense to think of all four as collectively responsible for the resulting bank robbery. This is especially appa rent if Peter is paid well for his contribution and understands perfectly, how her contribution to this joint venture will aid in its successful completion. The driver, Peter, is a cog in a machine like enterprise that will make the robbery possible in ways that would not be true if any of the four people involved were acting on their own or in only a loosely connected manner. For this reason, they are collectively responsible for the results of their joint undertaking. Their individual responsibility will depend on the role that each plays in the joint venture. Suppose that while Peter is driving away from the scene of the crime pedestrian steps off a curb in the path of the gang’s fleeing car. Peter, generally a compassionate person begins to apply the brake, but Susan, the insensitive ring leader puts a gun to Peter’s head and urges him to drive on to avoid being court. Should Peter be held responsible for the injuries of the pedestrian as well as for the robbery? O n the assumption that one held a gun to Peter’s head to get him to join the conspiracy in the first place, Peter seems to be in a different moral position with respect to the pedestrian’s injuries than with respect to the robbery itself. Certainly, Peter appeared to have a choice of whether to join the robbery conspiracy, but not much of a choice about whether to run down the pedestrian. Was it a moral choice of Peter to ignore the order given by Susan? There are many parallel cases in international law, such as when a soldier or subordinate feels that his or her life is threatened if he or she does not follow orders. The same consideration should be operative, making us reluctant to say that in such situations, there is a moral choice available to the soldier (Kurtz Turpin, 1999). In cases of collective guilt, subtleties of context are still relevant in determining how to apportion blame to the members of the group, especially concerning legal blame and guilt (Buhk, 2012). It is, however, important to place the reasonable person standard into the specific context that the actual person was faced with. In order to do this, it is often necessary to bring in some of the beliefs of the actual person in considering what a reasonable person would have done. On the other hand, battlefield situations are so abnormal that it will often be hard to merely drop a reasonable person into a situation without taking into account how the actual person in question reacted to the situation. On several occasions, war crime tribunals have had to decide what price is too high to pay in order to expect people to reasonably exercise due care not to injure one another. In the case of Lieutenant Calley, it may be true that he and his soldiers feared for their own lives if they did not do what they thought they had been legitimately ordered to do. In Calley’s case, he never claimed that someone literally had a gun to his head, forcing him to shoot the civilians. I n the same way, his concern that the seemingly innocent civilians might be enemies in disguise was not sufficient to establish the proposition that he had no other moral choice but to follow orders, for it is important to consider what sort of threat those civilians posed. If the killings of the civilians had been clearly and unambiguously wrong, then Calley would have needed a very strong showing that he had no moral choice but to do what was clearly and unambiguously wrong. An important question that to be asked is whether a reasonable person in Calley’s situation would believe that these civilians posed a threat to his safety, and that of his troops. If so, then perhaps even moral choice was restricted in this situation. Conclusion Much philosophical discussion about political violence is taken up with argument about whether and to what extent acts of violence can be justified as a means to good ends. According to Kurtz and Turpin (1999), there are limit on what may justif iably be done in pursuit of good or worthy ends. Even though many actions can be justified by their beneficial consequences, some actions are simply wrong in themselves. Some people typically take the view that, other than in circumstances of war, the only acceptable justification for violence is that of self defense or defense of others from wrongful attack. Persons have moral rights not to be wrongfully injured or killed, and consequently, they have rights to defend themselves against wrongful physical attacks. It is also sometimes argued that to violently attack someone who is not engaged in or threatening violence is a kin to punishing an innocent person. Conversely, one who engages in wrongful violence against another may be said to have relinquished his or her normal rights to be attacked. We can only be justified in using as much violence against an attacker, however, as is required to defend ourselves. From the arguments presented in this paper, it is apparent that one of th e tests of whether an act of the defendant violates the requirement by law is if the act shocks the conscience of humanity. In most cases, there is an overlap of the law and morality indicating the relevance of moral matters to questions of whether a crime was committed wrongfully or not. It is, therefore, important for the court to exercise considerable restraint in prosecuting, convicting, and sentencing soldiers for deaths occurring during war. References Buhk, T. T. (2012). True Crime in the Civil War: Cases of Murder, Treason, Counterfeiting, Massacre, Plunder, Abuse. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Kurtz, L.R. Turpin, J. E. (1999). Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Massachusetts: Academic Press. May, L. (2005). Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account. New York: Cambridge University Press. McMahan, J. (2009). Killing in War. New York: Cambridge University Press. 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How to Analyze a Sample Essay?Now that you have chosen your sample essay on racial bias in the criminal justice system, the next step is to read it and analyze the text. In this article, you will find out some points about how to understand the sample essay. It is also important to identify the type of sample essay to which you have chosen. By identifying the sample essay type, you will be able to make the most of it and will thus be able to come up with your own version of it.A sample essay is a document containing information about a selected topic such as a lesson plan or a personal reflection. For this essay, you need to choose an essay topic that may interest you. You must also write your own essay content, which includes the main points of the essay. If you do not have your own topic for writing your essay, then you can choose any topic that you feel is interesting to you.It is important to analyze the samples in order to understand how to analyze a sample essay. When reading t he essay, you will find that some of the topics that are included in the sample essay will be mentioned. You must identify the main point of the sample essay. Your main point should be linked to the topic you have chosen.In analyzing the sample essay, it is also important to remember that the content of the sample should be inclusive of what you want to say in your own essay. You can include your personal experience and thoughts as well. For instance, you can include your comments about the problems that you have encountered in some cases. Alternatively, you can also include the problem that you have encountered in some other cases. By writing what you want to say, you will be able to give them more importance.In order to help you analyze the sample essay, you can find the following points: Is the sample essay complete? Are the sentences in the sample properly balanced? Do you get the desired impact from the sample? Is the contents of the sample not too long?Most of the sample that are available are not complete. Therefore, you will need to make a judgment about the style and language used in the sample. In addition, you can also look at the parts of the sample that you think are not relevant to your topic. In doing so, you will be able to make a better analysis of the sample. In some instances, the sample will be a well-written essay that you may find to be quite interesting.In analyzing the sample, it is also important to analyze the format of the sample. Some samples are categorized as book reviews, questionnaires, or research papers. To analyze the format, you must compare the length of the sample with the length of your own essay. The sample that is not complete or that is not balanced may be challenging to analyze. However, once you get a clearer picture of how to analyze a sample, you will be able to create a good one that you can use in your own essay.