Compare and Contrast Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country and Chinua Essay

Compare and Contrast Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country and Chinua Achebe's Thing's Fall Apart - Essay Example Achebe’s narrative signals the first indicator of tribal decline in Africa, exploited by the white colonisers to exert power in their expanding empire. The death toll of tribal life in Africa in Things Fall Apart symbolises the human predisposition towards conflict as the ethnic tensions are replaced with the tensions between the whites and blacks. In contrast, Cry, the Beloved Country takes the reader forward, highlighting the predicament of native blacks under white rule, where the funeral for tribal life prophesised in Things Fall Apart is now a reality, symbolised by the theme of human loss. The industrialisation of Africa and separation of families brought about by white rule is highlighted through the Kumalo’s journey as central protagonist in Cry. Pastor Kumalo loses a brother to the city and his brother in law to the mines. Furthermore, Kumalo’s sister disappears when she goes to the city. Through contrasting perspectives both novels utilise the conflicts between the white rulers and black natives to portray a deeper themes of the complex cycle of human conflict; its resultant impact on the family nucleus and the human need for connection and family relationships particularly driven by loss and fear. Analysed in conjunction, the contrasting spectrums at which both Paton and Achebe begin their narrative effectively takes the reader through the beginning of colonial policies in Things Fall Apart, to the practical impact of white rule in Cry, the Beloved Country. The focus of this analysis is to evaluate through a comparative analysis the authors’ depictions of the conflicts between the white colonisers and the native blacks and consider which, if any depicts the predicament most sympathetically. It is submitted at the outset that both whilst both works are undoubtedly important in highlighting the

My favourite subject Essay Example for Free

My favourite subject Essay My favourite subject in school is English. It is quite easy and pleasant to study it. English is used in each field of life and it is useful to know it. Most of web sides are in English. It is nice to be able to use such a sides like yahoo, msn and english Wikipedia. I can get a lot of information and news, which are not available on polish sides. Next plus: I can use english books and magazines. Sometimes I like to download e-books and magazines in pdf. It is effectively way to study English in home. Using English I can communicate with many peoples. I can use Skype and ICQ to talk and chat and get new contacts. I can use many applications and play games. I have used Windows XP and Office for two months and it was quite easy. Most of movies are in English. I like to watch them without subtitles. If I can I always switch the polish dubbing off ? I hate it. The last advantage to know English is I can talk with all people talking English. This holidays when I was in Gdańsk somebody asked all people: Do you speak English Everybody talked No and Nie wiem o co chodzi. When she came to me and asked the question Do you speak English I could say ?Yes, how can I help you She told ?How can I get to the bus station I told ?Can you see this building? The station is behind it. Please go this way?. She smiled to me and walked away. I was happy that I could help. As you can see English is useful in life. All of us study it in everyday situations and activities. The language is quite simple and logic. I use it all the time. This is why I like English and it is my favourite subject in school.

Cloning :: essays research papers fc

Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue. Society is firmly divided on the uses and ethics of cloning. Cloning can rang from producing copies of plants and animals to clones of humans and human organs. But cloning can have several positive effects for the well being of society. Cloning plants can have positive effects fo humans. Scientist can clone plants and alter them to produce healthier food. For example, oranges which contain an abundance of Vitamin C, can be altered to include Vitamin D and Calcium, which is found amply in milk. Cloning can also improve the status of hunger-stricken Third World nations. Fruits and vegetables can be cloned to produce large amounts of food without have to worry about growing season, climate, or any other environmental factor. They can also be alterd to be able to be grown in different environments or to produce more food and for a longer period of time. Cloning animals can have several ramifications. Foremost, is the be nfit of humans. This can be done in two ways. First, cloning animals can help us understand the way our cellss divide, multiply and operate. We can also learn how to fix ceratin disorders, thus leading to tests and research in similar human disorders. For example, sheep have a disease of the brain, called Scrapie, that causes tremors, loss of motion, and eventually death. This disease is very similar to the human disease called Parkinson’s disease. Scientists can try to stimulate new brain cells to divide and regrow damaged areas in the sheep brain first and then try similar procedures for humans. Animal cloning can also lead to better production of food. Ranchers can take one cow, the best out of the whole stock, and clone it. This would improve his sales and our health because we are given a healthier product. Endangered animals can also benefit from animal cloning. For instance, instead of doing lab monitored pregnancies and artificial inseminations for endangered animals, scientists can clone several embryos for the healthiest animal of that species. Working the way up the evolutionary scale leads eventually to cloning human organs and ultimately humans. This is the most controversial area of cloning, but despite the controversy, cloning of human organs and also humans can have some positive effects. To illustrate, kidney tissue can be used to grow a healthy kidney for patients with frequent kidney failures. Cloning :: essays research papers fc Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue. Society is firmly divided on the uses and ethics of cloning. Cloning can rang from producing copies of plants and animals to clones of humans and human organs. But cloning can have several positive effects for the well being of society. Cloning plants can have positive effects fo humans. Scientist can clone plants and alter them to produce healthier food. For example, oranges which contain an abundance of Vitamin C, can be altered to include Vitamin D and Calcium, which is found amply in milk. Cloning can also improve the status of hunger-stricken Third World nations. Fruits and vegetables can be cloned to produce large amounts of food without have to worry about growing season, climate, or any other environmental factor. They can also be alterd to be able to be grown in different environments or to produce more food and for a longer period of time. Cloning animals can have several ramifications. Foremost, is the be nfit of humans. This can be done in two ways. First, cloning animals can help us understand the way our cellss divide, multiply and operate. We can also learn how to fix ceratin disorders, thus leading to tests and research in similar human disorders. For example, sheep have a disease of the brain, called Scrapie, that causes tremors, loss of motion, and eventually death. This disease is very similar to the human disease called Parkinson’s disease. Scientists can try to stimulate new brain cells to divide and regrow damaged areas in the sheep brain first and then try similar procedures for humans. Animal cloning can also lead to better production of food. Ranchers can take one cow, the best out of the whole stock, and clone it. This would improve his sales and our health because we are given a healthier product. Endangered animals can also benefit from animal cloning. For instance, instead of doing lab monitored pregnancies and artificial inseminations for endangered animals, scientists can clone several embryos for the healthiest animal of that species. Working the way up the evolutionary scale leads eventually to cloning human organs and ultimately humans. This is the most controversial area of cloning, but despite the controversy, cloning of human organs and also humans can have some positive effects. To illustrate, kidney tissue can be used to grow a healthy kidney for patients with frequent kidney failures.

Beloved

As you begin the book you are given these ideas of darkness as you become consumed in the memories and stories of the characters. The characters of the book could definitely feel this tone even one who had never been in the house such as Paul D when he says, â€Å"Good God†¦ What kind Of evil you got in here? † p. 8 as he took his first steps Into 124. This tone takes up a good part of the beginning of the book as it sets up the trailing tone of a good majority of the beginning of the book.As you read further into the book you find out more about all of the characters pasts and all of the torture, rape, and cruelty they were made to endure. These memories slightly shift the tone to become gloom. Other then the times when Beloved needed her, Seethe confided herself to a corner chair. † p. 292 was the effect of these memories on Seethe. As though through these memories that Seethe couldn't let go her life seemed to be sucked like a leech from a host. Beloved was a hum an embodiment of the memories thatSeethe latched unto and couldn't relinquish though she tried her hardest to forget. This gives off a tone of gloom and despair as you read further into the horrible cruel lives of the characters. â€Å"Seethe me and you we got more yesterday than anybody. We need some kind of tomorrow? P. 320 says Paul D as the book closes whose words portray the tone of the end of the book. As you read to the end of the book and Beloved is exorcised away the tone changes from the dark and gloom of the unforgotten memories to being hopeful as Seethe begins to relieve and concise with her past.This allows her to look forward to the future and to see what she already has. This tone ends the book with a feeling of hopefulness towards the characters and their futures. Throughout Beloved the tone changes a couple of different times. In different parts the tones seems to be dark, gloomy and even hopeful but as the book ends these tones are set aside to create a tone of r econciliation. That you should never dwell on the past but that you should look forward to the future. Beloved As you begin the book you are given these ideas of darkness as you become consumed in the memories and stories of the characters. The characters of the book could definitely feel this tone even one who had never been in the house such as Paul D when he says, â€Å"Good God†¦ What kind Of evil you got in here? † p. 8 as he took his first steps Into 124. This tone takes up a good part of the beginning of the book as it sets up the trailing tone of a good majority of the beginning of the book.As you read further into the book you find out more about all of the characters pasts and all of the torture, rape, and cruelty they were made to endure. These memories slightly shift the tone to become gloom. Other then the times when Beloved needed her, Seethe confided herself to a corner chair. † p. 292 was the effect of these memories on Seethe. As though through these memories that Seethe couldn't let go her life seemed to be sucked like a leech from a host. Beloved was a hum an embodiment of the memories thatSeethe latched unto and couldn't relinquish though she tried her hardest to forget. This gives off a tone of gloom and despair as you read further into the horrible cruel lives of the characters. â€Å"Seethe me and you we got more yesterday than anybody. We need some kind of tomorrow? P. 320 says Paul D as the book closes whose words portray the tone of the end of the book. As you read to the end of the book and Beloved is exorcised away the tone changes from the dark and gloom of the unforgotten memories to being hopeful as Seethe begins to relieve and concise with her past.This allows her to look forward to the future and to see what she already has. This tone ends the book with a feeling of hopefulness towards the characters and their futures. Throughout Beloved the tone changes a couple of different times. In different parts the tones seems to be dark, gloomy and even hopeful but as the book ends these tones are set aside to create a tone of r econciliation. That you should never dwell on the past but that you should look forward to the future.

Pompeii and Herculaneum

Pompeii and Herculaneum are unique and remarkable because of their extraordinary state of preservation. No other archaeological site gives us so much information about life in ancient Rome. Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried in the volcanic eruption in 79AD in different ways, effectively which preserved majority of both sites. These archaeological remains that were left behind, such as bakeries, food bars, brothels, fulleries, wine presses and the Garum industry reveal a great deal about Industries and Occupations of this ancient civilisation. Reliability, usefulness and limitations of these sources play a important role in the accuracy of information. Partially, much of our knowledge about occupations and industries comes from bakeries, as somewhat 33 bakeries have been found scattered around Pompeii. In source 1, the Bakery of Modestus, 81 round loaves of bread divided into eight segments were found concealed in the oven. Although some households may have made their own bread, archaeological evidence reveals that at time of the eruption, most people had bought their bakeries. This evidence is also reliant on the fact that very few houses in Pompeii contained ovens. The bones of two donkeys were found still harnessed to the mills in a bakery in Herculaneum. This evidence suggests that most bakeries functioned this way. It can also be argued that slaves did this job as well. This evidence can be considered reliable and useful as of its number of convincing factors, and no opposing evidence suggesting otherwise. Thermopoliums (snack bars) have also broadened our knowledge about occupation in Herculaeum, as they were very common in ancient everyday life and seen throughout ruins of both towns . A total of over 130 small hot food bars have been identified to this day. In source 2, it can be speculated that food was taken and eaten standing up, as few Thermopoliums had tables and chairs. Penelope Allison, an Australian archaeologist suggests that that the peoples busy lives probably left little time for long meals at the dinner table. This evidence is concluding but can not be relied upon as limited evidence clarifies that they did so. The location of food bars in Herculaneum were mainly found opposite the Palaestra, this is revealing evidence of a great marketing scheme which we still use to this day. This allowed the business to attract more customers and therefore make more usiness. This evidence is also limiting but can be classified as useful in the development of increasing knowledge. Another aspect revealing much about Pompeii's occupational life was Prostitution, also know as lupanaria (brothels) was one of the most popular business in all of Roman society. In Source 3, a erotic image on the wall of a Lupanaria, reveals advertisement of par ticular specialities of a prostitute. We can speculate whether these images were painted on the wall to erouse customers, and or to illistrate different expierences that could be purchased. Many brothels also contained graffiti that mentioned the names of the women who worked their, and customers and the particular services they provided. These useful sources of information are limiting but contribute to our growing knowledge of Prostitution in Pompeii. Furthermore, Fulleries give us a considerable insight on the cloth manufacturing process in Pompeii. In source 4, the fullery of Stephanus, we can learn valuable information on manufacturing process of cloths. Paintings on the wall in the house of Stephanus reveal the process in which the cloths were cleaned. Jars found at the back of the fullery still contained traces of ammonia, which indicate that urine was a important ingredient in the cleaning process. We also know of this key ingrediant as Pliny the Elder states that camel urine was prized most of all. These sources offering information can be considered reliable and useful to archaeologists. Likewise, another Industry that played a important part in Pompeii and Herculaneum economy was production of wine. In source 5, a wine press found in Pompeii, reveals valuable knowledge contributing to the production of wine, as the wine press was involved in the process of wine making. Many houses have been found with wine presses in them aswell as doliums, in which the wine was stored in. Wine was sold widely around the town, as indicated in graffiti on shop fronts. Pliny the Elder states that ‘Pompeian wine could cause a headache that last to none the next day', this supporting evidence gives archaeologists a insight into the quality of which Pompeian wine was, although many customers applauded Pompeian wines, this is evidential by graffiti in bars. Majority of this evidence is both reliable and useful to archaeologists. Another addition to growing knowledge of Pompeii and Herculaneum's economy was the production of Garum. Only one Garum shop has been identified in Pompeii, this shop is shown in source 1 and is supporting evidence towards the production of Garum. Garum was extremely popular, Archaeologists know this with reference to Pliny the Elder who quotes ‘no other liquid except urgents has come to be more highly valued'. Archaeologists can also apprehend that Garum was distributed and sold widley around the Italian surrounding areas, we know this from containers of garum that have benn found scattered around the Vesuvius area, as well as traces of Garum jars found in France. As study performed by Robert Curtis, estimated that 70% of Garum was locally produced, this came from the remains of Garum in containers. Pliny statement can be considered reliable as well as useful to archaeologists, this is applies to Robert Curtis' study. In conclusion, it can be argued that Pompeii and Herculaneum are two of the most unigue and important sites of the ancient world.

Informative Essay Sample on Lady Gaga What Is Known About This Singer

Informative Essay Sample on Lady Gaga What Is Known About This Singer Free example essay on Lady Gaga: Lady Gaga, stage name for Stefani Joanne Angelina, is a recording artist in America. She was born on 28th March 1986 to her parents, Joseph Germanotta and Cynthia, who are of Italian American origin. She developed interest in the music industry at an early age as demonstrated by her interests and ability to play the piano while she was four years of age. At the age of thirteen, she wrote her first piano ballad and at the age of fourteen started performing at open Mike nights. She was sent to a private Roman Catholic school, convent of the sacred heart, at the age of eleven. In high school, she loved maintaining a core group of friends who were mostly boys. Later she joined New York University where she studied music which opened up her song writing skills. She composed analytical papers and essays that focused mainly on social issues, politics, religion and art. Later she withdrew from school to concentrate more on her career. Her career formally began in July 2005 when she signed a contract with Def Jam Recordings which lasted for less than three months. She produced the first song by the name ‘boys, boys, boys’ and later collaborated with Grandmaster Melle Mel to produce more songs. She went through difficulties at the initial stages of her career in trying to establish herself and search for a stage name. She even indulged in drugs to boost her morale when on stage. She has received several honors among them being Best electronic-dance album in the 52nd Grammy awards. She has being influenced by glam rock artists like Queen and Bowie, and pop music artists like Britney spears and Madonna.

Postwar Women essays

Postwar Women essays World War Two has often been described as a turning point in the battle for equality between men and women. From the beginning, women were always struggling to gain status, respect, and rights in their society. Prior to World War Two, a woman's role in society was seen as someone who cooked, cleaned, and gave birth. The years during and following the war marked a turning point in the battle for equality. Women, for once, were being seen as individuals with capabilities outside the kitchen, and we're for the first time given a chance to prove themselves. On December 7, 1942, Pearl Harbor was bombed and FDR declared war. This marked the entry of the US into World War Two, a war which has been going on in Europe for almost 2 years prior. The start of World War II opened a new chapter in the lives of women living in America. From coast to coast, husbands, fathers, sons and brothers shipped out to fight in Europe. With the entry of the US and the absence of large quantities of men, the demand for supplies increased, and women were called out of the kitchen and into the workforce. Posters, banners, and jingles were all aspects that helped encourage women's entrance into the workforce. Millions marched into factories, offices, and military bases. The demand for labor was so great, that a poll taken that year showed that only 13% of the population opposed females entering the workforce. Women's occupations varied from war nurses and cooking for the army, to making bombs and making weapons. Other occupations flourished, as well. Women photographers, writers, and reports were for once given a chance. The war offered women opportunity never given to them before. "The war has given women a chance to show what they can do in the world, and they have done well."(Craig,4). Women were given freedom and a chance to live the American dream. In 1910 till about 1940, women's employment rate was as low as only 13%. By June o...

How to Apply for Your Perkins Loan

How to Apply for Your Perkins Loan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you considering applying for federal financial aid? If so, you might have heard of the Perkins loan program. Perkins loans are government-backed, low-interest loans that are meant to help students pay for school. They come with a lot of great perks, including the opportunity for loan cancellation (that's exactly what it sounds like it is - imagine taking out a loan for school, and not having to pay it back). If you've already checked out our guide to Perkins loans and want to get one for yourself, you've come to the right place. Read on for easy to follow instructions on exactly how to apply for a federal Perkins loan. The Basics of Applying for Perkins Loans There's no dedicated or separate application for the Perkins loan; instead, you apply by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. The good news is that even if you're not eligible for a Perkins loan, you're opening up other opportunities for financial aid by submitting a FAFSA. You'll automatically be considered for any federal aid programs; schools and private scholarships can also use information from this application to award funds. There's no fee required to submit this application, and turnaround is pretty fast; you should receive a report detailing your eligibility for certain federal aid programs in about 3 days if you submit the FAFSA online. You'll quickly learn whether you'll be awarded the Pell grant, for example, or whether you're eligible to take out Direct Subsidized loans. Because financial eligibility requirements for Perkins loans vary from school to school, you won't learn about your Perkins eligibility until your school sends you a financial aid package. In general, Perkins loans are awarded to students who demonstrate exceptional financial need. Unfortunately, demonstrating this financial need doesn't necessarily guarantee that you'll receive the loan, but I'll discuss strategies for increasing your chances later in this post. The eligibility requirements are therefore a bit strict, but the loans themselves are flexible and come with some serious perks: Borrowers are given a 9 month grace period, whereas other federal loans come with a 6 month grace period. Borrowers who take jobs in community service after graduation are often eligible for loan cancellation(check out our guide here). Competitive interest rates; Perkins loan interest rates = 5%, whereas many private student loans can come with interest rates that are twice as high. Sounds pretty good, right? If you're thinking that you have nothing to lose by applying for a Perkins loan, you're right. In the next sections, I'll detail the steps you need to take to submit your best loan application. How to Apply Step 1: Check Whether Your School Participates in the Perkins Loan Program Although Perkins Loans are government-backed, your school would technically be your Perkins Loan lender. Fewer schools participate in the Perkins Loan program than in some other federal loan programs. You can check with your school’s financial aid office to figure out whether they offer Perkins loans. You can also ask what their financial eligibility requirements are. This might give you a better idea of your chances before you submit your FAFSA. Step 2: Check Your Timeline for Submitting the FAFSA There are a few different deadlines you should be aware of: federal and state. The only deadline that matters specifically for the Perkins Loan specifically is the federal one, although if you’re submitting the FAFSA at this deadline, there may not be any Perkins funding left for you. The deadline for federal funding for the 2015-2016 school year is June 30, 2016. You may be able to get federal aid even after you’ve finished your year at school (if you’re a current college student), so it could be worth your while to apply later on even if you’re too late to get the Perkins.Different states (if you also want to be considered for state funding) have different deadlines for applying for student aid: check the deadline for your state here. Schools use information from the FAFSA to put together financial aid packages. Like I mentioned above, you won't actually learn whether you can take out a Perkins loan until you've received this financial aid package.You can submit your FAFSA as early as January 1 for the year you’re entering school.Current college students typically submit their FAFSAs early in their spring semesters for the next academic year. It’s easy to put off completing the FAFSA until the federal or state deadline - don’t do this!Perkins money tends to run out quickly because each participating school has a finite Perkins budget - it's first come, first serve. Plan on applying as early in the year as possible (January or February). You won’t have that year’s tax information yet, but that’s ok - you can submit estimates and amend those numbers later as needed. That way, schools will have your FAFSA information on hand once you're accepted. The early bird gets the Perkins loan. Step 3: Gather All the Information You Need to Complete the Application Although gathering this information isn't necessarily hard, it can be the most tedious part of the application process. Keep in mind that you'll also need to meet all basic federal aid requirements in order to submit a FAFSA (you can read more about that here). Here's all the information you'll need to fill out an application: Your Social Security Number Your Alien Registration Number (if you're not a US citizen) Your most recent federal income tax returns, W-2s, and other records of income Bank statements and investment records (if applicable) Records of untaxed income (if applicable) An FSA ID to sign electronically (if you're submitting your FAFSA online). You can create a FSA ID here. You'll also need all the above information from your parents, even if they won't be helping you pay for school.Your parents’ financial information is considered when determining how much aid you may be eligible for - here’s some more specific information: If your parents are married, gather info for both of them. If your parent is widowed or single, you just need the financial information for that one parent. If your widowed parent is currently remarried, you need info for your parent + his/her spouse. If your parents are divorced or separated, you need information for your custodial parent (the parent you lived with the most in the past year). If your parents have joint custody, and you’ve spent equal time with them, you need info for the parent who’s supported you the most financially. If youthink your circumstances warrant a what’s called a â€Å"dependency override,† where your parents’ financial info is not taken into account (meaning you would likely get more aid), you will also need to gather all documentation around your special circumstances (that is, any documentation that would support your claims). Common overrides include age, marriage, kids, homelessness, military service, foster care, or legal emancipation. Answer questions about these circumstances honestly on your FAFSA - the application will process as incomplete, and you’ll need to follow up with the financial aid office of the school you’re seeking an aid package from. Step 4: Choose Your Submission Method You can choose to submit either an electronic or paper version of the FAFSA. I recommend that you submit an electronic version, but here are instructions for both methods of submission so that you can make a decision that's right for you: Electronic Submission It’s generally easier to submit online than it is to send in a paper application. The form can be submitted electronically here. If you plan to submit online, apply for a FSA ID for you and your parents first! You need a FSA to sign the FAFSA electronically - it can take up to 3 days to get the ID via email, so build this into your timeline. The electronic FAFSA tends to guide you through the application process faster, and can you notify you about certain errors. Electronic submission will get you faster â€Å"results† - you’ll receive your SAR, or Student Aid Report (document which tells you about your eligibility for federal student aid), in about 3 days. Paper Submission You can get a paper copy of the FAFSA at high school guidance offices, college financial aid offices, and many libraries. You can also download and print the application yourself here. Paper FAFSAs are a bit more cumbersome than the electronic version, take the longest to file (it can take weeks to get your SAR back), and lead applicants to make more mistakes, which will delay your application process. This is not a good option for you if you're tight on time. Step 5: If Possible, Set a Time With Your Parents to Complete the FAFSA Once you've gathered all relevant information and chosen your submission method, you'll need to plan some time to sit down and actually complete the application. As I mentioned earlier, you'll need quite a bit of information from your parents or guardians - the form will be much easier to complete if you can sit down with them, going through each section together. Plan on spending 1-2 hours on filling out the application. A little extra help from the 'rents makes the application process faster and easier. Step 6: After You Submit Within 3-5 days, you will receive an email with directions to access your Student Aid Report. The colleges you listed on your FAFSA will have access to your SAR shortly after you do.You can check the status of your application by calling the Federal Student Aid Information Center (1.800.433.3243), or by logging into the Department of Edwebsite with your FSA ID. If your application was complete, your school should be able to use your Student Aid Report to generate a financial aid offer,which can include grants, loans, and scholarships. If you are offered a Perkins Loan, it will be included in this financial aid offer. Your school has the ultimate say in whether you get the Perkins Loan. Financial eligibility does not guarantee that you’ll receive the loan. Schools with better funding, or with better financial aid programs, may be able to offer more Perkins loans. If You're Offered a Perkins Loan, Should You Take It? So you've gone through all this work to apply for federal financial aid, and your school offers you a Perkins loan in your financial aid package. You can choose to take the loan, or you can refuse the aid. What do you do? First, you should avoid taking on any debt if you have other ways to cover your school's cost of attendance (like grants or scholarships, for example). Perkins loans are great financial tools, but as with any loan, you'll end up paying back more money than you originally borrowed due to interest (if you don't get 100% of your loan canceled, that is). To learn more about cost of attendance and budgeting out college expenses, check out our college cost guide. If you've determined that you need to take out loans to help pay for school, the Perkins loan could be a great option for you, particularly if you're planning on working in public service after you graduate. Working in certain fields qualifies Perkins loan borrowers for loan cancellation - you could potentially get up to 100% of your loan canceled, which means you wouldn't end up paying a dime. You can read more about Perkins loan cancellation here. If you're choosing between a Perkins loan and another loan, the Perkins loan will almost always be the better financial option. Interest rates are low, as I mentioned earlier in this post, and no interest accrues while you're in school or for 9 months after you leave. As a result, you'll end up paying less in the long run. All in all, Perkins loans are great options for students who need loans to help finance their educations. They're particularly good options for students who are interested in public service. It's hard to go wrong with a Perkins loan! What's Next? If you're researching Perkins loans, you should definitely learn more about other federal financial aid programs as well. Check out our guides on the Pell Grant, Direct Subsidized loan, and Direct Unsubsidized loan. Already know all about those federal programs? You might want to check out scholarship opportunities. Learn more about the National Merit Scholarship and the Walmart Scholarship. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Martin luther king jr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Martin luther king jr - Research Paper Example This is also the case with his experiences in different regions of the African world, and of his successes and efforts in support of African emancipation.2 These experiences and efforts influenced King’s ideas of racial circumstances in the United States in reflective and philosophical ways, and they reveal a connection between King and the pervasive attention given to Africa and matters related to being African among blacks since the latter part of the 1960s. The thoughts and influence of King on Africans and the issue of African Diaspora is the focus of this research paper. A great deal of emphasis is given on King’s appreciation of ties and responsibilities between individuals of African lineage far and wide, and on his influences on the fight for African emancipation and self-determination. The pro-independence components in King’s ideas were conclusively shown in those areas of his oral and written works wherein he concentrated on particular issues confronte d by individuals of African lineage all over the globe.3 His emphasis on the situation of his fellow Africans in the U.S. has been widely studied and well documented. King articulated a profound concern for Africa’s fight against colonialism and racial discrimination. He proclaimed in 1956, â€Å"We could turn our eyes to Africa and notice there two hundred million black men and women under the pressing yoke of the British, the Dutch and the French. For years all of these people were dominated politically, exploited economically, segregated and humiliated†.4 King proclaimed a year afterward that â€Å"you also know that for years and for centuries Africa has been one of the most exploited continents in the history of the world†--- â€Å"the continent that has suffered all of the pain and affliction that could be mustered up by other nations†.5 King believes that the mistreatment and coercion imposed on Africa over the years were most apparent in the slave trade, which plundered West Africa’s Gold Coast. He also emphasized that the misuse and abuse of Africa by the white civilizations persisted until the 20th century, inhibiting not just the progress and expansion of West Africa, but the Union of South Africa and other areas of eastern, southern, and northern Africa.6 King’s perception of the African situation in general pushed him to believe in 1959 that â€Å"It is impossible for Angola to stand in Africa and not be affected by what is happening in Nigeria and Kenya and Rhodesia.†7 The interest of King in Africa was widely expressed in a variety of ways. In 1957, he positively responded to a private request from Prime Minister Kwane Nkrumah of Ghana to see the liberation of the Gold Coast. King’s wife, who accompanied him in the trip, portrayed the invitation of Nkrumah as â€Å"one of the most exciting things that happened to us,†8 and stressed that the prime minister â€Å"knew America well and had invited a number of outstanding American Negroes to share Ghana’s great day.†9 King also talked about the significance of the invitation of Nkrumah, arguing that it was an encouraging assertion of the Montgomery struggle and of the bonds that were forged between the Gold Coast and African Americans. The visit to Ghana, which is described in numerous documents as the â€Å"King’s first sojourn on the continent of his fathers†

The Novels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Novels - Essay Example But The Underdogs was the one & only exception. The reader experiences Azuela’s heartbeat & his emotional pathos while reading this mind boggling work of fiction. The novel is highly pragmatic as it depicts the misery of a war ravaged Mexico, while concentrating on the pivotal character of ‘Demetrio Macias’. Azuela attempts to scrutinize the traits of the revolution as a magnamous social event & an unstoppable force which is so strong that it drags all the folks around it within its gravitational order-defining the actions of each of the characters. The novel as per its subtitle represents a chronology of ‘pictures of the revolution’ that displays its force & human qualities, as they shattered the age old static character of the Mexican social infrastructure. The dynamism & the influential idiosyncrasies of the lead character Demetrio motivated large numbers of dreamy individuals who pondered over the idea of an egalitarian social structure post revol ution (Azuela, 15-25). But unfortunately, all the dreams were not destined to become true. The aftermath of Mexican revolution was equally sordid. Gross disruptions, anarchy, & statelessness became the order of the day. Several novels were framed on the morbid atmosphere of the post revolutionary era, which contradicted the very ‘idealistic approach’ of Azuela. Nevertheless, Underdogs can be estimated as a burning memento of the revolutionary history of Mexico (Azuela, 18-29). It can be easily concluded that Azuela was statistically the first Mexican novelist who grasped the ‘reality of the revolution’. The distinguishing characteristic of Underdogs is that reality & fiction comes together as an inseparable force to cast away the reader. The naturalistic fatalism in this novel remains as an intoxicating quotient. The protagonist Demetrio Macias is coerced into the revolution as a means of defending his own existence. He ends his life story where it began,

Understanding of English 200 course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding of English 200 course - Essay Example Understanding of English 200 course In a more coherent and well argued out basis, this paper aims at reflecting upon my learning as an English 200 student, and to subsequently put into focus the various English knowledge and related works. For the purposes of this significant analysis, I will put my arguments within the scope of the English 200 syllabus. Within the larger description, English 200 is suitable designed to help students write for a variety of purposes that cuts across various English genres, including research essay and theoretical analysis. While interacting with the course content and course material, many emphases placed to rhetorical challenges in knowledge generation from literary materials and texts and for such I undertook personal and well researched literary essays to demonstrate my understanding of the subject matter. Of importance, my original literary compositions and analysis identified as The Ceremony, Curiosity killed the cat, The Mirror, and a critique of the famous play by Sophocles entit led, Antigone. From the onset of my English classes, I have always been a critical thinker; my subsequent and regular interaction with the right course content and materials in English 200 class has further improved my analytical skills as a critical thinker when examining literary texts. My desire for knowledge acquisition in English 200 influenced more as I constantly look at the ‘why’ platform of an author’s literary text rather than just focusing on the author’s literal meaning as depicted in the text. ... equent and regular interaction with the right course content and materials in English 200 class has further improved my analytical skills as a critical thinker when examining literary texts. My desire for knowledge acquisition in English 200 influenced more as I constantly look at the ‘why’ platform of an author’s literary text rather than just focusing on the author’s literal meaning as depicted in the text. Subsequently, my exposure to rhetorical literary analysis, essay research, close reading, critical analysis, and to a larger extent creative thinking have enabled me to gain insightful rich knowledge into different writing styles such that am able to continuously and with much ease create a sustained arguments in any given literary text for a harmonious understanding of any literary text. Moving in a progressive manner throughout the English 200 class in literary analysis from presenting simple facts to building a sustained argument of the various lite rary components and intentions within various literary complexities, I have indeed expanded my reasoning faculties and mental abilities. At the earlier inception stages of this course, I undertake an in depth and informative discussions concerning critical literary analysis. This whole learning process proceeded through critical essay composition, related theories, pedagogical writing of the critique essay, group discussions, and conference presentations of literary review process. At the end, I submitted a well-researched paper on Antigone with special emphasis on 442BC classic writing. Within this literary analysis, deliberate efforts made in connecting the literary intentions of the earlier literary writing to a modern audience while unearthing the intentions of Sophocles in discussing kinship and family

Biopsychosocial Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biopsychosocial Case Study - Research Paper Example She provided a delightful, detailed impressive discussion of her past which was in no way connected to her present situation. She discussed irrelevant topics in a cute and charming manner and if the psychiatrist expressed irrelevance and changed the topic, she would become irritated and petulant. Another feature characteristic of histrionic personality disorder in Hilde was her attitude of putting the blame and responsibility of her present difficulties on some one else, other than herself. For example, Hilde stated that her husband was indifferent to her and that she suspected that he was seduced by one of his secretaries. She attributed her somatic symptoms to her husband's indifference towards her. Persons with histrionic personality disorder have interpersonal relationships that are often disrupted, shallow and insincere and emotionally, they overreact to even ordinary situations (Bienenfeld, 2009). When Hilde was pressed hard about her husband's interactions, she could not provi de any meaningful account of his relationship with the suspected secretary or the indifference attitude with her. Persons with histrionic personality disorder are excessively emotional and the emotions are labile. They exhibit attention-seeking behaviour. They are very dramatic and are frequently seductive or sexually provocative. They often suffer from somatoform disorders (Bienenfeld, 2009). Hilde suffered from frequent headaches and the physician has found it difficult to diagnose and treat the disorders Persons with histrionic personality disorder are usually emphatic and also socially perceptive. Hence, they tend to elicit new relationships easily. However, due to their emotionally insensitive nature, they lack the insight of their role in their own relationships and hence to do accept any blame for the inevitable problems in their relationships. Thus, they are closer to the defense mechanism of paranoid patterns of personality. In a parallel interview with Hilde's husband, he admitted that originally, he was attracted towards Hilde because of her physical attractiveness, social status and lively nature. However, over a period of few years, he realized that her love towards him was just a chronic flamboyance and that she never had an integrated personality. It was clear to him that her liveliness was not exuberance and her physical attractiveness was declining naturally, although, Hilde was spending enormous time and money to keep it up. Hilde's husband felt that Hilde was childish and superficial Individuals with this personality are often flirtatious and seduce others sexually (Bienenfeld, 2009). But, for those who follow such clues from these individuals, they do not get paid off much. Histrionic personality is more common in females and in males and infact, they appear ultrafeminine. Intellectual accomplishment is very low in these individuals. As far as analysis thought is concerned, there is deemphasis and hence these individuals are gullible, drama tic and impressionable. While Hilde described her children as wonderful and exceptionally bright and happy, Hilde's husband provided a picture that their behaviour was analogous to that of Hilde and they were spoilt and had academic difficulties. Biological, psychological, and social factors involved in the case Several factors probably contributed to the development of histrionic person

Homeless Services Coalition in Kansas City Essay

Homeless Services Coalition in Kansas City - Essay Example I have had a past experience with my place of study whereby I was one of the homeless people at the place who benefited from the programs offered by the coalition agencies. This happened during the internal wars that happened in our country and we ran to Kansas for refuge. Literature Review Homeless Services Coalition strives to get rid of homelessness in the city. Homeless Services Coalition was formed to address the concerns and interests of the homeless community, service providers, their consumers and supporters (Rich Wiatt, Rich Thomas and Mullins 93). It works with local leaders to improve and sustain homeless community action plan. It was not easy to refuge community’s homeless population and it was very difficult to build the ability to prevent homelessness. This problem continued to spread each day and it became the growing need of the City. The organization had representatives from across the metropolitan area and continued to grow, in most cases it was made up of religious and commercial community. People came together to discuss the issue of homeless and the problems they face. The growing problem of homeless had negative impacts on the neighborhoods, business corridors and community at large. The size and characteristics of homeless population was of importance when dealing with the issue (Wright and Donley 18). This enabled in the roper planning by the organization. Several factors leading to homeless were stated and many programs and services were made available to the struggling population.

Biopsychosocial Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biopsychosocial Case Study - Research Paper Example She provided a delightful, detailed impressive discussion of her past which was in no way connected to her present situation. She discussed irrelevant topics in a cute and charming manner and if the psychiatrist expressed irrelevance and changed the topic, she would become irritated and petulant. Another feature characteristic of histrionic personality disorder in Hilde was her attitude of putting the blame and responsibility of her present difficulties on some one else, other than herself. For example, Hilde stated that her husband was indifferent to her and that she suspected that he was seduced by one of his secretaries. She attributed her somatic symptoms to her husband's indifference towards her. Persons with histrionic personality disorder have interpersonal relationships that are often disrupted, shallow and insincere and emotionally, they overreact to even ordinary situations (Bienenfeld, 2009). When Hilde was pressed hard about her husband's interactions, she could not provi de any meaningful account of his relationship with the suspected secretary or the indifference attitude with her. Persons with histrionic personality disorder are excessively emotional and the emotions are labile. They exhibit attention-seeking behaviour. They are very dramatic and are frequently seductive or sexually provocative. They often suffer from somatoform disorders (Bienenfeld, 2009). Hilde suffered from frequent headaches and the physician has found it difficult to diagnose and treat the disorders Persons with histrionic personality disorder are usually emphatic and also socially perceptive. Hence, they tend to elicit new relationships easily. However, due to their emotionally insensitive nature, they lack the insight of their role in their own relationships and hence to do accept any blame for the inevitable problems in their relationships. Thus, they are closer to the defense mechanism of paranoid patterns of personality. In a parallel interview with Hilde's husband, he admitted that originally, he was attracted towards Hilde because of her physical attractiveness, social status and lively nature. However, over a period of few years, he realized that her love towards him was just a chronic flamboyance and that she never had an integrated personality. It was clear to him that her liveliness was not exuberance and her physical attractiveness was declining naturally, although, Hilde was spending enormous time and money to keep it up. Hilde's husband felt that Hilde was childish and superficial Individuals with this personality are often flirtatious and seduce others sexually (Bienenfeld, 2009). But, for those who follow such clues from these individuals, they do not get paid off much. Histrionic personality is more common in females and in males and infact, they appear ultrafeminine. Intellectual accomplishment is very low in these individuals. As far as analysis thought is concerned, there is deemphasis and hence these individuals are gullible, drama tic and impressionable. While Hilde described her children as wonderful and exceptionally bright and happy, Hilde's husband provided a picture that their behaviour was analogous to that of Hilde and they were spoilt and had academic difficulties. Biological, psychological, and social factors involved in the case Several factors probably contributed to the development of histrionic person

Explain the doctrine of precedent Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explain the doctrine of precedent - Assignment Example Vertical application of the doctrine of precedent involves inferior courts applying decisions from superior courts in their rulings. Horizontal judicial precedent occurs when a court considers judgments of earlier judges or judges from other courts at the same level of the judicial structure. Superior courts can overturn decisions from other lower courts (Gerhardt, 2008). There are two main types of judicial precedents namely binding precedents, persuasive precedents. Binding precedents are mandatory judicial precedents that lower courts must abide by when making their rulings. Lower courts have to honor these precedents and apply them in their rulings. This mandatory authority usually comes from higher courts such as the Supreme Court (Gerhardt, 2008). Persuasive precedents are those that a judge can rely upon for guidance when making a ruling but need not necessarily apply them. These include decisions by lower courts or other courts in the same level of the judicial structure, obiter dicta statements of higher courts, and courts in other jurisdictions. This policy is very important for promoting justice, which is the main concern of the judiciary. I agree wholly with the relevance and importance of the doctrine of precedent because it plays a very important role in the judicial system of any common law jurisdiction by ensuring predictability of the legal system, maintaining stability, and promoting rational application of the law. Judicial precedent ensures stability of the legal system by maintaining the status quo of the legal system. The fact that Judges are required to uphold earlier decisions in their judgments makes it difficult for the legal system to be overturned or changes from time to time by unprofessional judges. This stability gives the law certain credibility and maintains public trust in the judicial system (Gerhardt, 2008). Without this doctrine, it will be difficult to control the legislative power of courts and authority of

Malaysia Essay Example for Free

Malaysia Essay Malaysia was known as â€Å"Suvarnabhumi† to the Indian, Chinese and European traders. Changes of economical factors in Europe in the 18th century pushed European countries such as France , British and Germany to compete against each other to rule a country with unlimited raw materials. The arrival of the foreign rulers changed Malayas economical factor to a whole new system by growing crops like rubber , sugar cane , tobacco , and palm trees in estates own by the Europeans. Between year 1850 and 1874ical and economical order. This is a period of great political, social and economic flux as Malaya grappled with the gradual introduction of British induced capitalism. During this period western coastal Malay States of Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan started to experience unprecedented influx of labour migrants , mainly Chinese and capital from the Straits Settlements that would play a big part in charting the future direction of the political economy of the Malay States. The movement of capital and labour into these states was due to a combination of factors. First, the increase in global tin prices in the mid half of the nineteenth century stimulated Straits merchants interest in prospecting for more of the metal in the tin bearing western coastal Malay States of Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Britain’s Peel’s Reform Act of 1842 that reduced duties on imported tin also triggered demands from British manufacturers for cheaper tin ores. Favourable global prices for tin and fresh demands for the metal also coincided with the end of China’s opium war in 1842 that opened Chinese ports and encouraged a large amount of Chinese labour migrants from southern China to make their way to the Southeast Asia and to the ports of the Straits Settlements. Besides the above factors, regional trade competition also made Straits Settlements merchants to increasingly look towards the Malay States for access to new markets. In the 1860s, Straits merchants faced stiff competition as a result of high tariff duties on imported goods imposed by Dutch-controlled East Indies and French controlled China. This growing regional competition coupled with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 prompted Straits merchants to call on the Straits government to assume some form of control over the Malay States, with some even calling for Britain to take full annexation of these States. The combination of cheap capital and labour that flooded the Malay States after the 1850s, the abundant resources available in these states and the feudal administrative rrangement practiced in the Malay States brought about collaboration between local Malay territorial rulers, Chinese capitalists and Chinese organised labour in the form of Chinese Secret Societies, which signalled the start of a new partnership. Although at this point, British authority did not take a direct role in the running of the state, British influence over the Malay States took the form of intervening in the political and economic affairs of these Malay states whenever some of British protected people and Chinese secret societies faced difficulties in conducting business transaction. Intervention took the form of advising Malay rulers and disputing parties to honour the various contracts and at times urging Malay States to keep their major waterways and the Straits of Malacca safe to facilitate trade. For instance in 1862, Colonel Cavenagh, then Governor of the Straits forced Perak’s Mantri of Larut to pay compensation to a Chinese secret society for contravening a mining contract, failing which the British authority would impose a blockade off the coast of Perak. In the period of 1850 to 1874 was also a time of increased political crisis as Malay rulers fought for control of resources. Economic development sparked rivalry between Malay chiefs to seize control of rich resources which prompted some of these chiefs to collaborate with Chinese bosses and Chinese Secret Societies and at times seek British official sanction in pursuing their claims. It was this combination of events, the presence of various new actors and weaknesses on the part of Malay rulers in managing the political and economic flux that made Malay feudal administration increasingly untenable. Locals used harvested Tin to make weapons and musical instruments such as gongs. At the end of the 18th century, Malaysia rulers such as Long Jaafar , Ngah Ibrahim and Datuk Kelana Putra started the mining of tins using local labours at their personal mines at Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. At the starting of the 19th century, the arrival of the British created a new form of economical system that spreaded across the country very quickly followed by their ruling at main ports , tin mines and rubber plantations making the change of tradisional ecomic into a more mordern way. At the early 20th century, British nationals introduced Rubber plantations to Malaya. Rubber trees were formerly used as decorations at the yard of Hugh Low Residence in Kuala Kangsar,Perak. Following by the high demand of rubber around the world, rubber plantation became the main trading in Malaya ran by companies like Harrisons and Crossfield and Sime Darby. Between year 1929 and 1932, disaster struck as rubber price were hitting rock bottom causing Malaya to face a disastorous economy downfall but was later in a stable condition at 1934. Since then, Malaya had been using the economical system taught by the British until this very day. This form of economical factor had made things more easy and modern. The economy of Malaysia is a growing and relatively open state-oriented. In 2012, the economy of Malaysia was the 3rd largest economy in South East Asia and 29th largest economy in the world. In 1991, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathis bin Mohamad outlined his ideal â€Å"VISION 2020† in which Malaysia would become a self-sufficient industrialized nation by 2020.

The Leadership Of Sonia Gandhi

The Leadership Of Sonia Gandhi Leadership is an influencing process between the leader and the followers which can be achieved by organization objectives through change. There is no universal definition for a Leadership, it is complex; it can be studied in different situation. For this assignment I have chosen a Sonia Gandhi as my leader, The world known as Sonia Gandhi born on 9th December1946 as an Edvige Antonia Albina Maino at Lusiana,Italy and grew up as older daughter of her parents. She live a normal life in a Lusiana in roman catholic family and attended a catholic school (BBC News, 2009[1]).Her story started when their parents send her for study English at the Bell educational trust language school in the city of Cambridge where she meet Rajiv Gandhi in a Greek restaurant in 1965 (Glen Owen and Nick Meo, 2004[8]), where she was working and they fall in love at first sight. Rajiv Gandhi was enrolled as an engineering student at Trinity College at university of Cambridge. According to Peter Popham, 1999[4], against her father objection she went to India and got married in 1968 and move to her mother-in-law house Indira Gandhi who was consider as The First Lady in India. As her husband does not have any hunger for the politics but the accidental killing of his brother sucked into the politics in the year 1980 an d the killing of his mother bring him in the highest office in 1984. Sonia Gandhi never wanted her husband in the politics but the vortex bring Rajiv in the politics, the reason for her oppose was that she fears that her husband will be killed same her mother had been. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 stays her away from the politics in spite of so many requests from the congress party member. According to Christopher Thomas, 1991[7], after her husband death in 1991 she made herself away from the Indian politics but in spite of request by the congress leader she refuse to stay away from the Indian politics. The request of the party member to join Sonia Gandhi to congress was as they believe that she can romp the power on the base of sympathy, and the party will plaster her image to get the sympathy vote from the people of India. According to Christopher Thomas, 1991[8] her husband was not also a natural politician, but a polite, shy personality but acts he was a reluctant t ouch barer for his party and after his death his wife Sonia Gandhi was offered that touch to enlightens who never have any interest in politics nor attempted to act as a welding any political powers. According to Daniel Lak, 1998[5] Sonia Gandhi joined congress party in 1998 because the unity was under threat and the resignation from many of the senior congress leaders from the past years. She started her political career in 1998 from the same place where her husband was killed Sriperumbudur a palace near Tamil Nadu (Now Chennai) in India. According to Peter Phoham, 2004[6] during her maiden speech in 1999 election she readout her speech partly in English and party in Hindi .The election was disastrous for the congress party not due to the lackluster new leader but due to the congress worn out its image due to the corruption scandals, sharing of power internally and too arrogant to share the power with the smaller parties in the past which results again lost for congress party in th e general election 1999 ,(Associated Press,1999[10]).Some of the senior member blaming her Italian origin for one of the cause of party defeat in the election of 1999,a uprising situation within her party. After the defeat of 1999 general election and the rebellion against her in her party boost her and she was listening of her inner voice. Her next planning was to restore the unity and harmony in the party, she started working strategically with the party member for the next election and the entry of her son in the politics boosts her strength. She never thinks to become a prime minister but to strength the inner structure of the party. (Luke Harding, 2000[9]) the entry of Sonia Gandhi and the defeat of congress party in 1999 election critics Sonia Gandhi leadership qualities, many of the party member do not have a trust on the new leader and they alliances with the rival party. They believe that she might imitate like Indira Gandhi which was consider as an authoritarian style of l eadership. According to Mark Ellis, 2004[24] During the 2004 Election her tireless campaigning and due to her believe in her party attract crowds toward herself campaigning on the basic issue of water, electricity and sanitary and also made herself popular help to win the general election of 2004, according to Stephen khan, 2004[12] she turn down from the post of first lady after a tremendous win on the general election of 2004 and in spite of the requested by the party member she leave side the thrown ,after congress party selected Dr. Manmohan Singh as a Prime Minister of India in 2004.According to Michael Sheridan,2005[25] Dr. Manmohan Singh is a brilliant economic reformer but the actual control was in the hand of Sonia Gandhi, Mr. Singh plan to open the Indian rigid economy but the control button in the hand of stalwarts Sonia Gandhi. Mr. Singh Proposed privatization but she vetoed them, there are some rivalries but both communicate with each other with complete understanding. Now her target was to win the general election of 2009, This time she introduce so many grandstand scheme for the poor people which includes the debt waiver for thirty million poor farmers, a massive job creation scheme for the rural unemployed peoples, According to Jeremy Page, 2008[26] the 225 million pound project of railway carriage which can generate a ten thousand job opportunities for the rural peoples. The congress was talking about the welfare for the poor people but UPA Government led by Sonia Gandhi and the Mr. Singh also was watching the inflation rose. In the Year 2008 the inflation has rose to 7.8 % it was the major alarm for the government. The Reserve Bank of India has a comfort level of 5 % (Financial Times, 2008[27]) the solution for this is not lies on the short term monetary policies but for the long term promote for agriculture productivities, energy efficiencies and the restructure for the transport systems, meantime Congress under the leadership of Sonia Gandh i to stop their rival opposition BJP party not to gain momentum. After above all analyses the situation the question arises that what is her leadership capabilities to stay in so long in a power and managed to be the most powerful women of the world at Forbes 2009 list. (Heidi Brown, 2009[31]) Key Capabilities of Sonia Gandhi: In order to analyze the key capabilities of Sonia Gandhi, we need to analyze how effective she is? In order to answer this question we need to find the key capabilities which made her effective leader from 1999 onwards in Indian politics. According to Len Sperry, 2002 [28] Effective leaders are those which are more concern for the needs of their organization and their community beyond their own needs. They are more concern for balancing personal development for their follower and themselves. According to Kouzes and Posner, 2007[29] a exemplary leader are those which clarify the values, set examples, leads by example, envision the future, search for opportunities, experiment and take risk, create the climate of trust, strengths their followers, recognize contributions and celebrate the values and victories. They create the climate to turn opportunities into success. According to Fielder and Chemers,1974[30] analyze the performance of a leader in the situations in which they lead.They develop a frame work based on contingency theory in which leadership style are described as task motivated those concern with reaching a goal and Relationship Motivated those concern with developing close interpersonal relationship. According to Christopher Early and Elaine Mosakowski, 2004, analyze the cultural intelligence in which a person understand the other person culture and later adjust accordingly. There are three sources for it cognitive, physical, and emotional. The person those are motivated, alert toward the problems and poised to understand can able to attain the acceptable Cultural intelligent. Now I am going to analyze the strength and the weakness of Sonia Gandhi: Leadership Strength of Sonia Gandhi: Sonia Gandhi definitely a transactional leader style, when she joins the congress party there was lack of leadership. Ability to Learn from her mistake, the major defeat by their opposition in election of 1999 thats allow her to learn her mistakes and help her party members to win the general election in 2004 and 2009.The Mistake which she meet in the electoral of 1999 by standing herself as a prime minister candidates in an anti Hindu nationalist.(Ray Marceleno,2003[11]) Sonia Gandhi is a Christian and to succeed Hindu dominated country like India she response with circumspection and cunning by pilgrimage to Hindu sites.(The Independent, The (London, England)/Financial Times,1999[2]) Power and Position is not the aim for her. After the astonishing victory in 2004,she turn down as a prime minister.(Stephen Khan,2004[12]) Sonia Gandhi is more courageous Torchbearer in the Nehru dynasty. Build the Party Image, after astonishing Victory twice in Indian History; she is indirectly serving the country. (James Lamount, 2009[13]). Sonia Gandhi was the architecture for the congress party help to win the election in 2004.She motivates demoralized party into a compiling zeal and defeats the Hindu nationalist party in the general election.(James Lamont,2008[14]) She has a good Communication skills, a person mould herself from Italian origin to Indian land is one of the difficult task, as meeting with a people in village where Hindi is the only source of language and she work on her language skills and win the election twice. She has a good negotiating skills, After the general election of 2004,she negotiated with the secular parties in order to conciliate the secular front to successfully formed the government.(Irish Times,2004[15]) She has very hard working person, her tireless Champaign in the sweltering heat for her party, and the wining in the election proves that she is not a handicap in spite of others believe in her Italian Heritage.(David Orr,2004[19]) The selection of Dr.Manmohan Singh for the second time in 2009 as a prime minister candidate without any internal debates indicate her strength for power and control over the government.(Economist Intelligence Unit Views Wire News Analysis (England),2008[17]. Leadership Weakness of Sonia Gandhi: The is so many instance of Sonia Gandhi leadership weaknesses, one of the instance is that the entry of his son Rahul Gandhi in the Indian politics at one side he is a strength for her but on the other it create a feeling of nepotism which is a leadership weakness and all the party member is treating him as a future prime minister. Some time power and position control by others make so many wrong decision, She refuses the prime minister seat and put in place a her behest Dr.Manmohan Singh to the prime minister seat but indirectly controlling all the decision for the prime minister post. The nuclear deal between Indian and America is one of the good examples for this. (Economic Intelligence unit View Wire News Analysis (England), 2007[16]) The turn down from the prime minister post also indicate her weakness of fear to get assassinate, The mother in law and her husband those assassinated during their highest office in India. The fear to get assignation might be one of the reason to get down from the post of Prime minister.(Newsletter (Belfast, Northern Ireland),2004[18]) She pointed out so many problems and if government overcomes this entire problem can able to make better India, but till now government as not yet started to work on these projects. This shows that as a leader she identifies the problem with no solution. This is also one of her weakness.(Financial Times,2006[20]) Analysis of Leadership capabilities and style of Sonia Gandhi: To Analysis of different capabilities of Sonia Gandhi, first of all need to understand the characteristic of Her Leadership Style: She is more focus on a social cause. She is more dedicated to her Husband dream to build a modern India. She is dutiful toward the Congress party and especially depends on the party decision. When working alone she is more dedicated toward her husband cause and the Mother -in-law cause in her mind to her safety and agreement. Sonia Gandhi attributes transactional leadership style of Reward e.g. Many of the follower getting position in her ministry of government formation like Dr.Manmohan Singh as a Prime minister as two consecutive Period, P.Chitabaram as a Union Minister of Home Affair and many others get reward in term of position and money and punishments to them if they do not obey to them in terms of recent News of replacement of chief minister of Maharashtra Chhagan Bhujpal and Mr. Suresh Kalmadi CEO of Common Wealth Game. According to D.Golleman, 2001[23] Extraordinary leader has different way of directing their group, some of them are analytical, others are charismatic and can go with their gut. Their leadership type depends upon the situation. The effective leader has high degree of emotional intelligence. It is a kind of sin quo non for a leadership. The emotional intelligence not only distinguishes from extraordinary leader but also link to outstanding performance. Research also proves that the right approach can develop their emotional intelligent. Thus in order to analyze the Sonia Gandhi emotional intelligent with the five components at works are as follows: Self Awareness: This is the capabilities of a person for realistic self assessment. Sonia Gandhi has a high self awareness as she know that her Italian nationality will affect if she go for the prime minister post, it was also her self-awareness that she will be targeted like husband and her mother in-law if she will stay in the highest office. Self Regulation: This is the ability of self control. As Sonia Gandhi has a high self control as one of the reason for her success. There are many instances where her Italian birth created a problem but with her trustworthiness and integrity she architect the party situation and make strong in the general election for 2004 and 2009,And with the self control she make a place in the heart of all Indian and proves that she is loyal to the country and her party. Motivation: It is a passion beyond money and status to achieve success. Sonia Gandhi is highly motivated with her party, during the general election for 2004 she attended three to four companying in a day. When the future of the party was in danger she joins the party and her passion to success and believe in the people, analyze the basic problem which help party to win the election. Empathy: This is the ability to understand the emotion of the others people. In term of Sonia Gandhi this empathy is lacking somewhere, in spite of the party member request to become the Prime minister she listens to her inner voice. Social Skills: This is the ability of a person to make friendliness and pursue to move in their direction. It is building and leading a team. The above three component which includes self awareness, self regulation and motivation is all about the self managerial skills and the other two components of empathy and social skill is more about the peoples ability to manage the team. But the control of Sonia on the party is more than the social skills; it is more sense to say that it is a respect as a torchbearer of Nehru Dynasty in the party member than the friendliness which peruses them to achieve their objective. Conclusion: The above evidence of Sonia Gandhi leadership style conclude that some time situation can develop a leadership quality in spite it is not your birth palace, sometime the vortex can throw into the politics and you have to control it effectively. The same situation is with Sonia Gandhi in which she started as a leader for Congress, a country in which Hindi is the First language , A country which is dominated by the Hindus and a person of Christian origin, A country having a one of the complex democracy in the world, obligation on her Italian origin, The tragedy of assassination of her mother in-law and her husband when they are at their highest office of the country which was not an easy task but with her charismatic style she made it, The entry of her in the politics and disastrous lost of her party in that election, revolt against her in the party, believe of few of the party member that she might be imitate as a Indira Gandhi which was consider as a authoritarian style of leadership qualities, A lady which is treated as sphinx after the marriage till the death of her husband. In spite of so many difficulties, lack of experience, she was motivated with her husband dream and decided to not to give up so easily, she is able to manage and learn from the past mistake, effectively response with the situation and with her transactional leadership style she architects the Congress party and shows a new direction to the country with her leadership qualities. She proves herself as a true Indian. But the entry of her son one side boost her political career but same time it is a feeling of nepotism factor toward her son, also the nuclear deal with USA is one of her weakness which will affect the development of the country in future. According to Len Sperry, 2002 effective leader are those which can balance the personal development their followers and themselves. Effective leaders have a high degree of emotional intelligence of five components at works research by D.Golema n, 2001,Sonia Gandhi have high degree of self awareness, self regulation and motivation but she is lacking in empathy and social skills which is a very crucial for herself as a effective leadership. 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Berk,Clampa Dan, (2001), Harvard Business Review on What Makes a Leader, Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Google.(Online)Available at : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=062ZmEc3dmACprintsec=frontcoverdq=inauthor:%22Daniel+Goleman%22hl=enei=S17XTPKhDMawhQew4ISvBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=5ved=0CEgQ6wEwBDgK#v=onepageqf=false (Accessed on 7th November2010) Mark Ellis(2004),Sonia: the New Mrs Gandhi,The Mirror,14 May,[online].Available at http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=UKNBp_theme=aggregated5p_action=docp_docid=10292711A017C00Ap_docnum=4p_queryname=3 (Accessed on 8th November2010) Micheal Seridan(2005),Indias ruling odd couple fall out, Sunday Times,15 May,[online].Available at http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=UKNBp_theme=aggregated5p_action=docf_lastaction=docp_docid=10A2B0EF968AB0AEp_docnum=12p_queryname=19 (Accessed on 8th November2010) Jeremy Page,(2008),Political Queen battle it out over plan for 10,000 Jobs-India, The Times,14 October,[Online].Available at http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=UKNBp_theme=aggregated5p_action=docf_lastaction=docp_docid=123D1A7A22CEE380p_docnum=18p_queryname=25 (Accessed on 8th November2010) Financial Times,(2008),India Battle with return of Inflation-Long Term solution are needed, but not implemented, Financial Times,5 May,[Online].Available at http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=UKNBp_theme=aggregated5p_action=docf_lastaction=docp_docid=1207B6E739D23348p_docnum=25p_queryname=25 (Accessed on 8th November2010) Len Sperry, 2002, Effective Leadership, London, Brunner-Rout ledge. 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Impact of Telephone on Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Impact of Telephone on Society Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too. Although the telephone became a necessity of daily life, it was at first neglected by the public. People thought the telephone was a fake and a mere toy. Although the telephone was a powerful innovation, nobody took it seriously. Perhaps these people were ignorant because they did not realize the capabilities of the telephone. The reason for this skepticism was the revolutionary idea of communicating through a telephone, "So devastatingly new, so revolutionary, was this innovation of Bell's that a self-satisfied world wasted a good deal of time ridiculing the telephone and its inventor."1 This idea lasted for a few years, but then the public's view began to change. People started to see the significance of the telephone and what it can accomplish. Now with the help of the telephone, individuals communicated in a much quicker fashion. Once this became evident, it greatly enhanced the use of the telephone. After further development of the telephone, society recognized its ability to allow one to contact another person at any time any place with confidence that the call would be completed. The less time it took to communicate was a big draw for society because messages could be sent instantly. This invention allowed for such... ... Bibliography Baldner, Joshua G. "The Telephone and Expansion." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.beloit.edu/~amerdem/students/baldner.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1975. Eby, Chuck. "Western Electric #20B Desk Phone." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we20b.html, Mar. 31, 1999. - - - . "Western Electric #202 Desk Phone." n.pag. Online: Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we202.html, Mar. 31, 1999. Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Part 3-1921 to 1984." n.pag. Online. Available: http://privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/History3.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Pound, Arthur. The Telephone Idea. New York: Greenberg, Publisher, 1926. "Welcome to the World of Ocean West." n.pag. Online. Available: http://ocean-west.com/contactus.html, Mar. 31, 1999.

Explain the Importance of Resilience in Children and Young People Essay

Resilience is a mixture of nature and nurture. Attributes that some children are born with, such as good intellectual ability and a placid, cheerful temperament, are associated with resilience. Children who are born prematurely and/or with disabilities, who cry and cannot be comforted, who cannot sleep or who will not accept being held are more vulnerable to adversity and may be less likely to be resilient. There are, however, many other qualities associated with resilience which develop through children’s life experiences — the main ones can be summarised as follows: Good self esteem derives from being accepted by people whose relationship one values and from accomplishment in tasks one values. Praise, on its own, will not improve self-esteem; the child him or herself has also to ascribe value to the achievement. A belief in one’s own self-efficacy means having the qualities of optimism; ‘stickability’ and believing that one’s own efforts can make a difference. For children and young people who have had very damaging childhoods the creation of ‘survivor’s pride’, i. e. the ability to value how far they have overcome huge adversity in their lives, is helpful. Young people’s sense of self-efficacy is enhanced by taking responsibility and making decisions. Initiative is the ability and willingness to take action, including action to stop abuse occurring. Children and young people facing adversity are in a stronger position to deal with it if they are able to take the initiative in finding ‘creative’ responses. This sometimes combines with a strong sense of responsibility towards others such as siblings. Faith and morality can be described as ‘a belief in a broader value system which can help the child to persist in problem solving or in surviving a set of challenging life circumstances. A sense of coherence in their experiences gives the child a feeling of rootedness; the conviction that life has meaning and an optimistic focus’ (Daniel, Wassell and Gilligan 1999. Trust is believing in or relying on another person or thing. In order to trust others, you do not need to love them but you do need to experience them as reliable, feel respect for them, value them and not expect them to betray your confidences. Attachment is ‘an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally’ (Klaus & Kennell 1976, quoted in Fahlberg 1994). A secure attachment relationship creates a secure base from which a child feels safe to explore the world. Many looked fter children whose primary attachment figures have been unsupportive or unpredictable are able, fortunately, to find other attachment figures. In fact, one sign of resilience in children is the ability to ‘recruit’ caring adults who take a particular interest in them. This could be a neighbour, friend’s parent(s), teacher, child minder, relative, mentor or befriender, foster carer or, of course, residential worker. The concept of a secure base originally related to the security provided by a dependable attachment relationship. However, in the context of looked after children it has developed a wider meaning i. . the provision of a consistent and stable place to live and continuity of wider relationships which then allow the maintenance or development of attachment relationships. Where placement moves are absolutely unavoidable, strenuous efforts should be made to maintain continuity in other aspects of children’s lives. Meaningful roles: Such roles include proficiency at academic and non-academic activities at school, sporting prowess, part time work, volunteering, caring for siblings, and domestic responsibilities, provided they are not excessive. Such roles are likely to have a positive effect in several ways — they can be beneficial in providing a sense of positive identity and a source of self-esteem, they may act as a source of pleasure and hope or distract young people from the adversity they are experiencing in other areas of their lives. Autonomy means the ability to make decisions. Young people who are autonomous know that it is OK to make mistakes and that you can learn from mistakes. They take reasonably well calculated risks. Autonomous children and young people are good at self-regulation — they gain increasing control over their own emotions and behaviour. Identity: Young people in care have a deep need to know and understand who they are, where they belong and to whom they are important. They may need help to find these answers. Children and young people’s ethnicity, religion, culture and language form part of their identity. Preservation of their background and culture helps to create continuity and a secure base; it is also a legal right. Young people, who have good insight into their own difficulties, including a realistic assessment of their own contribution and the contribution of others to those difficulties, are more likely to be resilient. Young people who are able to recognise benefits, as well as negative effects, from severe adversity are likely to be resilient. Insight helps people to take appropriate actions and make appropriate choices. It is therefore linked to self-efficacy and to initiative. Humour is the final building block of resilience. It can help young people to distance themselves from, and therefore reduce, emotional pain and it can also help them make and sustain relationships — humorous people are usually popular people.

Related Literature of Peer Pressure Essay

In the book â€Å"All American Girl† by Meg Cabot, Samantha Madison, a sophomore artist-to-be, is an outcast in John Adams Preparatory School and has only one friend, Catherine, who unlike Sam, craves to be part of the ‘in-crowd’ or the popular in the school. Many other teens today also crave to be part of the popular crew in their school and they would do almost anything for it. In another book entitled â€Å"Queen Bees and Wannabes† by Rosalind Wiseman, it talks about a girl who just transferred to a new school in America and how she finds a way to fit in with the so called ‘Queen bees’ of the school and how it eventually leads to cat fights, lies, gossips and fake apologies. Typical girls today always want to be the popular girl that everyone stares at when they walk in the hallway. They would change anything and everything about them just to fit in. Even change their hair, clothes and attitude. â€Å"Thirteen† a 2003 drama film, a thirteen-year-old girl that was a victim of peer pressure turned to drugs, alcohol and self-mutilation for help. She cares less about her studies and continuously becomes more impulsive. She becomes a criminal and a drug addict. This is rampant in the world today for both boys and girls. They think that it is â€Å"cool† to do drugs and have sex and steal to fit in and be popular. These are the main problems in teens today and it’s mostly caused by peer pressure. In a Pizar animated film entitled â€Å"Nemo† the young fish was kidnapped because of peer pressure. He tries to impress his friends and things got worse as he was placed in an aquarium. Now his dad, is practically afraid of the ocean, goes to a cross-ocean adventure battling many trials with his mentally disabled friends.

Current Issues in Law and HR Course Work Essay

Organizations are considered to be the most incentive, social arrangement of today. It’s considered a marvel to know that thousands of people with individual backgrounds, skills and interests are coordinated into various organizations, so that they can pursue their common institutionalized goals and objectives. The historians of the future see today’s organizations as the greatest achievement of our time and era. For example biogenetic engineering have had some breakthroughs. The Apollo mission to the moon was made possible by the organization called NASA. Even on day to day basis organizations play an important role in our lives. The water we drink to the food we eat or the clothes we wear all comes from different kinds of organizations Human resource is defined by many companies as a combination of the administrative functions with the performance of the company’s employees and their relations along with the company’s planning. Human resource basically develops mostly from industrial and organizational behaviour. The major function that are included in HRM are recruitment, selection, training and development, orientation, placement, separation, career planning, performance appraisal, salaries and wages, incentives and gain-sharing, benefits, services and security and employee relations and assessment. The term human resource basically refers to the people of the company. The manager of the company engages in HR because the HR activities and tasks are considered to be an important part of the company. It basically helps the company to achieve the goals and the objectives that are set for them by the management. As you all know that human resource activities also make a large contribution to the company’s success in many ways but the HR activities mostly support the strategies of the organization. The HR department basically exists to support the managers and the employees of the company and to pursue the company’s goal or objectives (Werther & Davis 1996). The major challenges that would be faced by the organization are as follows: – †¢ Population-growth challenges †¢ Global Competitive Challenges †¢ Unemployment Challenges †¢ Social Responsibility Challenges †¢ Medical, Food, Housing Challenges †¢ Unknown Challenges †¢ Ethical Challenges †¢ Workforce Diversity Challenges The objectives of the HR department are based on societal, organizational, functional and personal goals. It is known that the objectives of the company are not formally stated that is they are not in the written form. The objective of the human resource management not only reflects the intention of the middle and top management but also balances the challenges that are faced by the HR department. Objectives are basically considered as benchmarks against which the actions can be evaluated. The human resource objectives not only reflect the intention of the management but also balance the organizational challenges, the HR function and the people who are affected by it. If the company fails to succeed in its objectives it would harm the company’s profits, performance and even the survival of the firm. As we know that there are four objectives that are common to the HR management. The objectives are as follows: 1. Organizational Objective: which basically recognizes that the HR management exists and it contributes to the organizational effectiveness. The HR department basically exists so that it can help managers of the company to achieve the objectives and goals of the company. HR management only supports the managers with the human resource issues. If we put is simply the HR department only exist solely to help assist the rest of the company. 2. Functional Objective: which basically states that this objective solely exists to maintain the department’s input at a level that is considered relevant to company’s needs. A relation exists between the objectives and the HR activities and they are appraisal of the employee, placement and assessment of the employee. 3. Societal Objective: this objective shows that the company has to be ethically and socially responsive to the needs and challenges of the society while the company minimizes the negative impacts of such demands on the organization 4. Personal Objective: shows that the HR management helps assisting the employees in achieving their goals and objectives. And these goals enhance the individual’s contribution towards the organization. To achieve these goals the HR department help the managers of the company to obtain, maintain, utilize and retain the right amount and types of workers. The objectives of the employees must be met otherwise the employees would not be motivated, retained and maintained by the HR department of the company. And the employees would neglect their jobs, voice their complaints or maybe leave the organization for a better opportunity (Werther & Davis 1996). It is not necessary that all the organization can meet the HR objectives every time. Some sort of trade-offs do occur that stops the company in achieving the stated goals and objectives. When the objectives are net by the department, they make a huge contribution towards the organization’s and employees needs. And with the help of these objectives the managers are able to see the kinds of activities that are needed to be carried out and why. There is a relationship that exists between the objectives and the activities of the HR. For example, for the societal objective the supporting activities would be legal compliance, union and management relations and benefits of the employees. For the organizational objective the supporting activities would be HR planning, employee relations, selection, training and development, appraisal, placement and assessment. For functional objective the supporting activities would be performance appraisal, placement, assessment and development of the employees. And for personal objective the supporting activities would be training and development, performance appraisal, placement, assessment and compensation of the employees. The HR activities are considered as actions that are taken by the department to maintain a workforce balance that is considered as appropriate to the organization’s needs. For example, small companies who do have the HR department have small budgets and small staffs therefore the HR department of such companies only focus on the activities that they consider are important for the company. The functions or activities that are considered important for such companies would be planning, recruitment, and wages and salaries of the employees. The functions that are performed by the HR department of the organization are as follows: – Planning is the first activity that is conducted by the department. Planning can be defined as the systematic forecast that determines the company’s future and the demand and supply of the employees that would be needed by the organization. HR planning is also known as employees planning which helps the HR department and other managers of the company to develop staffing plans so that they would go along with the strategy of the company. it is important that the company is staffed with the right amount of people so that the strategic operational and functional goals of the company can be met. It has been realized by a lot companies that the HR plans are very important if the organization wants to have strategic success. For example, companies like Nokia and Apple it is important to have strategic plans because it would help the companies by developing new products and introducing them as quickly as possible in the market. It is only possible when the company is staffed with the right kind of people. Without the right people strategy based opportunities would be lost to a better staffed organization like Motorola and IBM (Werther & Davis 1996). Recruitment is one of the important activities of the HR department. Recruitment is mostly concerned with attracting and finding individuals who are capable for employment. The recruitment process begins s when the new recruits are sought and this process ends when the applicant submits and application. People who find new recruits are called recruiters. The process of hiring is faced with some limitations like costs, incentives, job requirements, policies of the company, environment conditions, insufficient and scarce resources and EEO legislation etc. Recruitment is done in two ways 1) internal channel which includes job posting program and departing employees 2) External channel which includes advertising, walk-in and write-ins, employee referrals, state employment agencies, open house, international recruiting, temporary help agencies and leased employees etc (Recruitment Process) Selection is one of the activities of the HR department. Selection is defined as a process that is based on specific steps that are used to describe that which individual should be hired. This process starts when the individual applies for the job and it ends when the final decision is made by the management of the company. the selection process is also faced with some limitations like EEO legislation, Workforce diversity and external prohibitions etc. ( The Selection Process). The selection process is based on eight steps and these steps are as follows:- †¢ Preliminary reception of applications †¢ Employment tests †¢ Selection interview †¢ Preference and background checks †¢ Medical tests †¢ Supervisory interview †¢ Realistic job preview †¢ Hiring decision Orientation, Placement and Separation is considered to be an activity of HRM. Orientation can be defined as when the new recruits are given an overview of the company on the first day of work. The orientation program of the company is based on the following goals 1) the pride of belonging to the company 2) creates awareness about the company’s business 3) emphasize on customer focus and service 4) helps to reduce the concerns that are related to the job 5) helps with development of a team member and 6) helps to establish personal growth etc. Placement can be defined as the work activities that are assigned to a new employee. The role of HR department here is that to advice the managers of the company about the rules and the regulations and it also provide counseling to the employees. Placement is based on 3 classes 1) promotion, transfer and demotion. Separation can be defined as a decision where the individual and the company must part. Separation process starts either the employer or the employee. The role of HR department is to find a method which is satisfactory for conducting a separation in such a way that it reduces the harmful factors that might affect the company. Training & Development is concerned with that placing the employees in a job does not give the company the surety that the individual would be successful in his or her job. Training and development programs are considered important for all the employees. The distinction between training and development is that training is for now and development is for the future. For example at Corning Glass there are a lot of learning opportunities that range from skilled orientation training to seminars that deal with development issues, they basically help the managers to face the issues that might arise in the future. The employees of the company are not bothered that the class is intended for training or development. It is only concerned with whether the program has helped the employees and the organization or not (Training and Development). Training and development are based on the following steps: – †¢ Need assessment †¢ Learning principles †¢ Program content †¢ Training and development objectives There are some challenges that are faced by HR department due to training and development. For example cost effectiveness, desired program content, learning principles and appropriateness of the facilities etc. The role of HR department over here is that it helps to prepare the individuals for future job responsibilities. And it also attempts stops the employees from obsolesce, work force diversity, technological changes, affirmation action and employee turnover etc. (Werther & Davis 1996) Career planning is one of the activities of the HRM. When the department is doing career planning it is mostly concerned with whether the company’s training and development programs has helped the employees with promotion chances or not. A couple of decades ago career planning was seen as an individual’s problem but now career planning is seen as the HR department’s problem. The HR managers and specialist see career planning as a way to meet the internal staffing needs. The involvement of the HR department in career planning is increasing everyday due to its benefits like low turnover, satisfies the needs of the employees, personal growth, helps with workforce diversity and decrease hoarding etc. Performance appraisal is one of the major activities of HRM. Performance appraisal can be defined as evaluating an employee’s current or past performances relative to his or her performance standard. In this competitive world companies require a high performance so that they can become dominant leaders in their perspective markets. And at the same time employees also need feedback on their performance so that it can act as a guide for their future behavior and responsibilities. There are some challenges that are faced by the HR department regarding the performance appraisal like legal constraints, rater’s biases regarding the employee based on halo effect or personal prejudice or even cross cultural biases etc. It has been vied been viewed by the experts that when there is poor performance throughout the company it creates huge problems with the human resource management activities(Grote &Grote 1996). Wages and Salaries are concerned with compensation. Compensation can be defined as something the employees receive in their return of their input to the organization. Without proper compensation the employees of the company would leave and it would be difficult for the company to hire new recruits. The result of pay dissatisfaction can harm the productivity of the company and can also harm the quality of work life as well. There are some challenges that affect the compensation plan like wage rates, union, constraints by the government and equal pay etc. ( Salary and Wages) Security, Safety and Health is considered a challenge for the HR experts that how to comply proactively with the minimum costs for the organization and to provide with the minimum of costs for the organization and to provide the greatest of benefits to its employees, whereas in the area of employee security and health companies have taken a proactive action. It is the role of the HR department to face the challenges that arise overtime. The HR is usually faced with 2 kinds of challenges: 1) Internal challenges which are also the organizational challenges. Internal challenges for example would include union, information systems, organizational conflicts between the company and the employees. 2) External challenges are those problems that exist due to the changing environment and the management has no control over it. Change in the company’s environment actually evolves at different kinds of rates. External challenges would include workforce diversity, technology, economics and government. The HR department has to follow 4 steps so that they can overcome the external challenges. They are as follows: – †¢ Monitor the environment †¢ Evaluate the impact of the challenges on the company †¢ Take proactive measures that is implement approaches that would help the company to achieve its goals †¢ Obtain and analyze the feedback. It is the role of the HR department to achieve a balance between the trade-offs of efficiency and effectiveness. For example when jobs are under specialized the job design may be simplified by decreasing the number of tasks and if the job is over specialized the number of job tasks can be enriched and expanded by the human resource department.